Endocrine In-Class Review Questions

A) Works rapidly across very short distances

B) Structurally related to each other and their target organs

C.) Duration of action is very brief

D.) Chemical messenger is carried over long distances in the blood

E.) Coordinates very precise responses

A.) G-protein coupled receptor

B.) Tyrosine kinase receptor

C.) Chemically gated receptor channel

D.) depolarization

e.) Hormone response element

A.) Secreted as it is synthesized

B.) Does not use transport proteins in the blood

C.) Acts solely through receptors located at the cell membrane

D.) Acts predominantly through second messenger systems

E.) Initially synthesized as a preprohormone

A.) Increased amounts of binding proteins

B.) Increased secretion rate

C.) Reduced activation/conversion of the inactive hormone

D.) Increased metabolism/clearance

E.) Reduced secretion of the hormone

A.) Antagonism

B.) Permissiveness

C.) Synergism

D.) Negative feedback

E.) Positive feedback

A.) Driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus

B.) Occurs with a periodicity of every hour

C.) Involves self-starting clock proteins

D.) Can be synchronized by the environment

E.) Periodicity is influenced by melatonin

A.) Is functionally, but not anatomically connected to the hypothalamus

B.) Secretes tropic hormones in response to releasing hormones

C.) Derived from Rathke’s pouch

D.) Secretes hormones originally produced in neurons of the paraventricular nucleus

E.) Is a major source of growth hormone

A.) Decreased osmolarity is the biggest stimulus for its release

B.) Released in response to a large decrease in atrial volume

C.) Inserts aquaporins into kidney collecting tubules to increase water retention

D.) Has a pressor effect via arteriolar smooth muscle

E.) Release triggered by exertion in a hot environment

A.) Acts through IGF-1 to exert its metabolic effects

B.) Increases fat deposition

C.) Inhibits protein synthesis

D.) Acts through IGF-1 to influence bone growth

E.) Acts through IGF-2 to influence metabolism

A.) Multiplication of osteocytes at the epiphysis edge of epiphyseal plate

B.) Clearing of dead cells by osteocytes

C.) Stimulation of osteoblast activity by growth hormone

D.) Deposition of new bone by osteocytes

E.) Addition of surface bone by chondrocytes in the periosteum

A.) Acromegaly

B.) Laron Dwarfism

C.) Normal Dwarfism

D.) Pygmieism

E.) Hyposecretion of GH during adulthood

A.) Thyroid Hormone

B.) Insulin

C.) Androgens

D.) IGF-1

E.) Cortisol

A.) Contribution of a Y chromosome from the paternal side

B.) Presence of testosterone

C.) Presence of DHT

D.) Nothing, it’s the default pathway for sexual development

E.) Wolffian duct development

A.) Genetic sex

B.) Gonadal sex

C.) Phenotypic sex

D.) Mullerian duct development

E.) Ovarian development

A.) Secretes testosterone

B.) Freely allows passage of immune cells into lumen

C.) Secretes inhibin to specifically suppress GnRH

D.) Secretes Mullerian inhibiting factor

E.) Capacitation

Increased sympathetic input

Decreased parasympathetic input

Increased venous drainage

Increased nitric oxide metabolism

A spinal reflex

A.) Prior to birth

B.) Immediately after birth

C.) During the final stages of follicular development

D.) During the LH surge

E.) Upon fertilization by the sperm

A.) Increase progesterone from the follicle

B.) High levels of estradiol from the follicle

C.) Increased inhibin from the follicle

D.) The act of intercourse

E.) Low levels of estradiol from the follicle

A.) Lyses the corpus luteum of pregnancy

B.) Stimulates Sertoli cell production of testosterone

C.) Activates relaxin, which is important for parturition

D.) Is LH-like in function

E.) Necessary for placental progesterone production in late pregnancy

A.) Stimulates CRH release from the placenta

B.) Stimulates IL-8 from the uterus

C.) Inhibits pulmonary surfactant protein secretion

D.) Decreases prostaglandin secretion

E.) Increases myometrium oxytocin receptors

A.) Blockage of GLUT2

B.) Blockade of ATP generation

C.) Hyperpolarization of the cell

D.) Closure of Ca++ channels

E.) Phosphorylation of Glucose

A.) Decreased glucose in blood

B.) Decreased parasympathetic input

C.) Decreased amino acids in blood

D.) Decreased sympathetic input

E.) Decreased incretin release

A.) Inhibition of beta-cell function

B). Stimulation of glycogenolysis

C.) Increasing sensitivity to glucagon

D.) Inhibiting the incretins

E.) Inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase, which metabolizes GLP-1

A.) Stimulated by increased glucose

B.) Usually elevated during diabetes

C.) Enforces the actions of insulin

D.) Stimulated by somatostatin

E.) Causes significant hyperglycemia when hypersecreted