Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized
a. only since the late 1950s.
b. only since the late 1960s.
c. only since nondirective counseling became popular.
d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance move- ment and are still major areas of concern.
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the “glass ceiling phenomenon.” Assuming that a counselor’s behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?
a. “Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother’s attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?”
b. “Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the corporate world. I support you 100%. I’d say you should be optimistic and go for the position.”
c. “Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”
d. “In most cases a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive?
Most research in the area of career development and its rela- tionship to students indicates that
a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle-school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
b. students did not want career guidance despite its importance.
c. many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance.
d. high school students wanted career guidance but junior high school or middle-school-level students did not.
A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?
a. Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower in- comes than families in which only one partner works.
b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so- called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
c. Dual-career families have incomes which are almost iden- tical to families with one partner working.
d. Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families.
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman
a. generally has children before entering the workforce.
b. rarely if ever has children.
c. is not self-reliant.
d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.
Studies indicate that
a. students receive ample vocational guidance.
b. most parents can provide appropriate vocational guid- ance.
c. students want more vocational guidance than they re- ceive.
d. career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most students.
Statistics reveal that
a. on average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school di- ploma.
b. fewer workers possess a high-school degree than ever be- fore.
c. blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs.
d. older workers are slower than younger workers and have less skill.
When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean
a. the client is having fun at work or away from work.
b. the client is relaxing at work or away from work.
c. the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work.
d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families
a. dual-career families have more leisure time.
b. dual-career families have the same amount of leisure time as families with one wage earner.
c. dual-career families have less leisure time.
d. dual-career families have more weekend leisure time.
A client who says, “I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman,” is showing an example of
a. gender bias.
b. counselor bias.
c. the trait-and-factor theory.
d. developmental theory and career choice.
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-fac- tor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach
a. attempts to match conscious and unconscious work mo- tives.
b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
c. attempts to match career behavior with attitudes.
d. attempts to match cognition with the workload.
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with
a. Parsons and Williamson.
b. Roe and Brill.
c. Holland and Super.
d. Tiedeman and O’Hara.
The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that
a. job selection is a long-term development process.
b. testing is an important part of the counseling process.
c. a counselor can match the correct person with the appro- priate job.
d. b and c.
In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called
a. the Father of lifestyle.
b. the Father of modern counseling.
c. the Father of vocational guidance.
d. the fourth force in counseling.
Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?
a. The approach attempts to match the person’s traits with the requirements of a job.
b. The approach usually relies on psychometric information.
c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on ca- reer maturity.
d. The approach is associated with the work of Parsons and Williamson.
Edmund Griffith Williamson’s work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the
a. Rorschach and the TAT.
b. Binet and the Wechsler.
c. BDI and the MMPI.
d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take _______ into account.
a. individual change throughout the life span.
b. relevant psychometric data.
c. personality.
d. job requirements.
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice
a. based on cognitive-behavioral therapy.
b. based on a model of strict operant conditioning.
c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.
d. based on the work of Pavlov.
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing
a. unconscious and preconscious.
b. fields and levels.
c. yin and yang.
d. transactional analysis nomenclature.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “fields” except
a. service.
b. science.
c. arts and entertainment.
d. unskilled.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “levels” except
a. outdoor.
b. semiskilled.
c. semiprofessional/small business.
d. professional and managerial.
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child
a. experiences neurosis or psychosis.
b. will eventually have a lot of jobs or a lack of employ- ment.
c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.
d. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be highly motivated to succeed.
Roe’s theory relies on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice
a. lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs.
b. self-actualization needs take precedence over lower order needs.
c. all needs are given equal consideration.
d. the need for self-actualization would overpower a physi- cal need.
Some support for Roe’s theory comes from
a. the BDI.
b. the WAIS-R.
c. the Rorschach and the TAT.
d. the gestalt therapy movement.
In terms of genetics, Roe’s theory would assert that
a. genetics play a very minor role in career choice.
b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career choice.
c. genetics are important while upbringing is not.
d. genetics are important while the unconscious is not.
According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,
a. the decision to pursue a career is purely a conscious deci- sion.
b. using the Strong is the best method of explaining career choice.
c. early childhood experiences are irrelevant in terms of ca- reer choice.
d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.
A 37-year-old Caucasian male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client’s
a. career.
b. lifestyle.
c. job or position.
d. occupation.
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was
a. Krumboltz.
b. Parsons.
c. Super.
d. Bordin.
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice
a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
b. are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the environ- ment.
c. are related to a lack of present moment awareness.
d. are the result of irrational cognitions.
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _______ as an ego-defense mechanism.
a. subliminal.
b. sublimation.
c. repression.
d. rationalization.
A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _______ according to Brill’s theory of career choice.
c. suppression.
d. introjection.
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects
a. the work of Anne Roe.
b. the work of Donald Super.
c. the work of John Holland.
d. the work of Jane Loevinger.
Holland categorized _______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.
a. two.
b. five.
c. three.
d. six.
Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _______ theorists.
a. behavior modification.
b. ego psychologists.
c. experiential.
d. personality.
Counselors who support John Holland’s approach believe that
a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her per- sonality.
b. stereotypes cannot be considered relevant.
c. four major personality categories exist.
d. sublimation is the major factor in job selection.
Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely
a. artistic.
b. social.
c. enterprising.
d. realistic.
Holland’s theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be
c. enterprising
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland’s _______ typology.
b. conventional.
c. social.
Holland’s psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _______ type.
a. investigative.
d. artistic.
Holland’s artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?
a. A 72-year-old part-time male ballet instructor.
b. A 29-year-old female fiction writer.
c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator.
d. A 41-year-old singer for a heavy metal rock band.
Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _______ category.
c. realistic.
d. social.
In regard to an individual’s behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that
a. every person has a pure or discrete orientation that fits perfectly into one of the six categories.
b. occupational measures like the Strong Vocational are for the most part useless.
c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).
d a and b.
Holland believed that
a. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.
b. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with a very wide range of personality attributes.
c. one’s personality is, for the most part, unrelated to one’s occupational choice.
Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Hoppock’s theory, based on the work of _______ is also considered a personality approach.
a. Donald Super.
b. Robert Rosenthal.
c. David Wechsler.
d. Henry Murray.
Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area— who were the first to forsake the matching models—were
a. Super and Roe.
b. Hoppock and Holland.
c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.
d. Brilland Bordin.
Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that
a. the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood.
b. career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span.
c. career choice is reversible.
d. all of the above.
Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development
a. informal, formal, and concrete.
b. fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11 to 17), and realistic (age 17 to early 20s).
c. sensorimotor, formal, and concrete.
d. oral, anal, and phallic.
The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Su- per. Super emphasizes
a. id impulses.
b. the critical parent.
c. the self-concept.
d. ego strength.
Super’s theory emphasizes _______ life stages.
a. five.
b. four.
d. nine.
Super’s theory includes
a. the life-career rainbow.
b. the life-career stars.
c. the life-career moon.
d. the life-career psychosis.
Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of
a. John Crites.
b. Roe.
c. Holland.
d. Schlossberg.
The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by
a. Crites.
b. Holland.
c. David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara.
d. Super.
John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of
a. Joseph Wolpe.
b. Albert Bandura.
c. Donald Super.
d. Karen Homey.
The model Krumboltz suggested is
a. a human capital theory.
b. an accident theory of career development.
c. a status attainment theory.
d. a behavioristic model of career development.
A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely
a. analyze dreams related to jobs and/or occupations.
b. give the client a standardized career test.
c. suggest a site visit to a work setting.
d. a and b.
A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as “the fuel of the decision.” The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems
a. predictive, value, and decision.
b. internal, external, and in between.
c. predictive, external, and internal.
d. internal and external.
In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with
a. personal likes, dislikes, and preferences.
b. personal rules.
c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes.
d. the self-directed search.
Linda Gottfredson’s developmental theory of career focuses on
a. fields and levels.
b. circumscription and compromise theory.
c. the career rainbow.
d. mainly on the concept of career maturity.
The leading method adults use to find career information in the United States is
a. to see a state employment counselor.
b. to visit a private practice career counselor.
c. to undergo counseling with a counselor with NCCC credentials.
d. by securing information via the newspaper.
When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to
a. the Occupational Options Handbook.
b. the Occupational Outlook Handbook.
c. the Career Options Occupational Titles.
d. the Optional Occupations Handbook.
At its zenith the DOT listed
a. approximately 10,000 job titles.
b. nearly 5,000 job titles.
c. approximately 30,000 job titles.
d. nearly 100,000 job titles.
In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a _______ digit code.
a. nine.
b. eight.
c. six.
d. five.
The DOT was first published by the Department of Labor in 1939. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to
a. an occupational group.
b. career options.
c. OOH data.
d. the transfer of skills.
You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be
a. Richard N. Bolles’s book What Color Is Your Parachute?
b. The Bureau of Labor Statistics website.
c. Any professional journal related to career counseling is inundated with articles of this nature.
d. DISCOVER and the System of Interactive Guidance and Information known as Sigi Plus.
A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the
a. State Department of Economic Regulation..
b. SOC
c. SIC.
d. OOH.
A counselor wants to suggest an easy-to-read source for a client in search of career information. The counselor should recommend
a. DOT.
b. SOC.
A counselor with a master’s degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of
a. unemployment.
b. underemployment.
c. the phi phenomenon.
d. the risky shift phenomenon.
The OOH contains approximately 800 job descriptions. Job trends suggest that
a. less women will be employed.
b. less minorities will be employed.
c. service jobs will account for virtually all the job growth.
d. jobs dealing with computers have peaked and will rapidly decline.
The Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) was published by the U.S. Department of Labor. The guide lists groups of jobs listed in
a. 14 interest areas.
b. 6 interest areas.
c. 3 interest areas.
d. 175 interest areas.
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of
a. Roe.
c. H. B. Gelatt.
d. Albert Bandura.
SIGI Plus, Choices, and Discover are
a. Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACG).
b. paper and pencil career tests.
c. career theories proposed in the 1940s.
d. computer systems which are slower to use than traditional texts such as the DOT or the OOH.
A client who likes her flower arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as
a. the contrast effect.
c. the compensatory effect.
d. spillover.
A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as
a. the recency effect.
b. the leniency/strictness bias.
The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become
a. the American Psychological Association.
b. AACD.
c. APGA.
d. NASW.
Lifestyle includes
a. work.
b. leisure.
c. style of living.
The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland’s theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience
a. satisfaction in a job with workers who have different interests.
b. satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupa- tion have similar interests.
c. generalized anxiety if he or she is placed in a job where people have similar interests.
d. the best results if he or she finishes the inventory in one hour or less.
The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is
a. based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types.
b. self-administered.
c. self-scored and self-interpreted.
At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, “The client’s disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work.” This technically implies
a. the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds.
b. the client will not need to lift over 100 pounds.
c. the client will be standing a lot.
d. the client could walk or stand up to six hours daily.
The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that
a. most jobs will appear on college bulletin boards.
b. most jobs will appear in supermarket tabloids.
c. most jobs will appear in daily newspaper classified ads.
d. most jobs are not advertised.
An SDS score will reveal
a. career aptitude.
b. the personality via projective measures.
c. the individual’s three highest scores based on Holland’s personality types.
d. spillover personality tendencies
As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing
a. David Tiedeman.
b. JohnHolland.
c. Anne Roe.
d. John Crites.
The Strong is considered an Interest inventory. So is
a. the Kuder, created by George Frederic Kuder.
b. the Wechsler.
c. the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test.
d. the MMPI-2.
The U.S. Employment Service created the
a. ASVAB.
b. DAT.
c. GATB.
d. SCII.
Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the
a. cognitive therapy movement.
b. humanistic psychology movement.
c. individual psychology movement.
d. trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.
A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described
a. as a displaced homemaker.
b. as a victim of underemployment.
c. by a DSM diagnosis.
d. as a victim of the hidden job market.
According to the concept of wage discrimination
a. women make more than men for doing the same job.
b. women make less than men for doing the same job.
c. men and women make identical salaries thanks to legisla- tion.
d. women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same job.
According to the concept of occupational sex segregation
a. most women hold high paying executive jobs.
b. most women hold low-paying jobs with low status.
c. most women hold jobs which require a college degree.
d. men still make considerably less than women.
A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests
a. positive transference.
b. negative transference.
c. counselor bias based on gender bias.
d. sex wage discrimination
Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often
a. make the same job choice as a man.
b. choose a supervisory position more often than a man.
c. have lower career aspirations than a man.
d. choose a career well above her ability level.
A displaced homemaker might have grown children or
a. be widowed and seeking employment.
b. be divorced and seeking employment.
c. a and b.
d. none of the above.
Midlife career change
a. is not that unusual.
b. is often discussed, but in reality is very rare.
c. would be extremely rare after the death of a spouse.
d. would be extremely rare after all the children leave home.
The term reentry woman would best describe
a. a 32-year-old female police officer promoted to sergeant.
b. a 22-year-old female teacher who becomes a school coun- selor.
c. a 59-year-old female administrative assistant who switched positions for two years and will return to her job.
d. a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.
A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware
a. of his or her own ethnocentric biases.
b. that Asian Americans rarely choose scientific careers.
c. that Black males will often choose enterprising jobs in terms of Holland’s typology.
d. that career inventories have eliminated cultural biases.
In terms of the labor market
a. music is very effective in terms of increasing the workers’ output.
b. the number of employees employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up.
c. the number of employees willing to work for you goes up as the salary increases.
SIGI Plus is
a. an achievement test.
b. a personality test used in career counseling.
c. a computer career program known as the System of Inter- active Guidance and Information that allows students to conduct a self-assessment and explore career options.
d. a computerized projective test for career counseling.
A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume
a. should downplay the value of the cover letter.
b. should emphasize that a lengthy resume is invariably more effective.
c. should emphasize the importance of listing height and weight data.
d. should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.
Most experts would agree that a resume
a. is like an art project and must look good.
b is not an art project and looks have little if anything to do with effectiveness.
c. need not utilize bold headings as personnel officers often spend an extensive amount of time reading them.
d. contrary to popular opinion, can sport typos and spelling errors yet still have a powerful impact on future employ- ers.
The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.
a. is very behavioristic.
b. is indicative of a client-centered approach.
c. is psychodynamic.
d. is appropriate, but not with disabled populations.
Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?
a. Albert Ellis.
b. John O. Crites.
c. John Krumboltz
d. Robert Hoppock.
All of the following are difficulties with career testing except
a. stereotyping.
b. the tests all take at least three hours to administer.
c. the counselor may rely too heavily on test results.
d. many tests are biased in favor of White middle-class clients.
