Basic scientific research is carried out:
To solve practical problems
Just to see what would happen
To verify a theoretical problem
To gather data to test a theory
Precision Teaching is defined as:
A method of teaching a child to be highly fluent in certain skills
A measurement system that helps a teacher decide on whether the teaching is effective
A teaching approach that emphasises basic skills teaching
A system that allows teachers to design a precise curriculum
When developing hypotheses, the inductive approach seeks to_____
Generate hypotheses
Test hypotheses
Simplify hypotheses
All of the above
Which of the following best represents the stages of the experimental method of research?
Research question, hypothesis testing, data collection, data analysis, support/reject theory
Research question, generate theory, hypothesis testing, data collection, data analysis, support/reject theory
Research question, generate theory, data collection, data analysis, support/reject theory
Generate theory, hypothesis testing, data collection, data analysis, support/reject theory
A theory must be parsimonious, specific and testable. To what does the term parsimonious refer?
The easiest, most sensible and most academic explanation of the evidence
The first answer is usually the correct one when testing a theory
The simplest, most economical and efficient explanation of the evidence
The most detailed answer is usually the correct one when testing a theory
A Murder Mystery – Detective Noclue interviews a large pool of suspects, and then eliminates them to leave the culprit unmasked. This is an example which of scientific method?
Induction
Deduction
Reduction
Which is not one of the four principles of PT
Frequency as a measure of behaviour
Learner knows best
Standard Celeration Chart is used as a measurement tool
Focus on all types of behaviours
Which of the following does NOT form part of the SAFMEDS procedure?
Saying responses aloud
Focus is on speed as well as accuracy
Work on a section of the pack at a time
Complete timings each day
An alternative term for a repeated measures design is__________
Between-subjects design
Within-subjects design
Reversal design
Self-correcting design
A hypothesis is best defined as ____________
A classification system
An unproved theory about the outcome of a study
A prediction about the outcome of the study
A proven fact
Dr Who was attempting to find a cure for procrastination. He developed an intervention whereby students were immediately rewarded with chocolate for handing work in early. He designed an experiment with one treatment group. Chocolate given to students was the dependent variable. Individuals were first measured in a baseline phase, then a treatment phase, followed by another baseline phase. This is a classic example of a(n):
Independent samples design
Multiple case design
A-B-C design
A-B-A design
The phase of a SCD experiment in which the treatment is introduced is known as the ________ phase.
Baseline
Intervention
Replication
Post-test
When you move from a baseline phase to an intervention phase and then back to a baseline phase, you are using a_________________ design
Drifting baseline
Intrasubject design
Intersubject design
Which of the following is NOT a phase in the A-B-A design?
Baseline measurement
Introduction of treatment
Introduction of a second treatment
Removal of treatment
Multiple baseline designs attempt to control for confounds by_______
Introducing the treatment at different time points to different people
Introducing the treatment to the same person across different behaviours
Introducing the treatment to the same person in different situations
All of the answers
The ABA design is generally considered ________ than the ABAB design because participants _________
More desirable; are left with the effects of the treatment
Less desirable; are not left with the effects of the treatment
More desirable; are not left with the effects of the treatment
Less desirable; are left with the effects of the treatment
The baseline stage of a single-case experimental design is useful to researchers because behavior during the baseline allows the researchers to_________
Get an initial idea of whether the treatment will be effective.
Determine whether an individual is likely to benefit from the treatment.
Describe behavior before administering the treatment and predict what behavior will be like in the future without treatment.
Determine the best way
In the ABAB design, a major ethical concern surrounds______
Waiting for a series of initial baseline observations before administering the treatment
Administering the treatment immediately after the initial baseline phase
Removing the treatment after it has already been shown to be effective
Reintroducing the treatment after it has already been shown to be effective
If told that this intervention (A-B) was successful, was the behaviour?
Something we wanted to INCREASE in frequency
Something we wanted to DECREASE in frequency
Something that we wanted to remain the same
Not enough information to make a judgment
What is the Percentage of Non-overlapping data for the participant?
60%
70%
80%
90%
An educational psychologist was interested in the effects of a six-week mnemonics intervention on students’ ability to remember areas of the brain such as the hippocampus. How might you define the mnemonics intervention?
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Outcome variable
Resultant variable
Researchers wanted to examine the impact of watching Alien on memory in a group of older adults. A variety of cognitive tests such as memory tests and word generation tests were administered to the group before, during and after watching one of the films. How might you describe the research design of such a study?
Between-groups design
Between-within design
Independent-groups design
The results of the Tauntaun long jump final at the Hoth Olympics a long time ago in a galaxy far far away are given below. What is the mean distance jumped by the top 10 Rebel Soldiers (answers to two decimal places)?
8.04 m
8.05 m
8.06 m
8.07 m
What is the median distance jumped by the top 10 Rebel Pilots (answers to 2 decimal places)?
8.09 m
8.11 m
Examine the histogram of the qualifying distance for the Tauntauns long jump final at the Hoth Olympics. How would you describe the appearance of the histogram?
Negatively skewed
Positively skewed
Positive kurtosis (leptokurtic)
Negative kurtosis (platykurtic)
Large standard deviations will have what sort of distribution, relative to a distribution with a low standard deviation?
Raised
Flatter
The same
Zero
The middle score in a distribution is the __________________ and the score occurring the greatest frequency is the ____________________.
Mean; Median
Median;Mode
Mean; Mode
Mode;Median
A prediction regarding the outcomes of a study is a(n) ____________ and an organised system of assumptions and principles that attempts to explain certain phenomena and how they are related is a(n)__________________.
Theory; Hypothesis
Hypothesis;Theory
Independent variable; Dependent variable
Dependent variable; Independent variable
In which of the following distributions would you find the mean, median and mode to be identical?
Normal
Positively Skewed
Negatively Skewed
When writing up a results section for most types of study (including SCD studies) it is good practice to use which ordering of detail?
Descriptive statistics, effect size, figure/table/graph
Figure/table/graph, descriptive statistics, effect size
Descriptive statistics, figure/graph/table, effect size
Effect size, figure/graph/table, descriptive statistics
The length of time taken to complete a multiple choice questionnaire exam would be best measured using a(n):
Interval level measure
Ratio level measure
Nominal level measure
Ordinal level measure
While temperature in degrees Celsius is measured on a(n) ____________ scale, ‘luke-warm, warm, and hot’ would be examples of a(n) ____________ scale
Interval; Ratio
Interval; Ordinal
Ratio; Interval
Ratio; Ordinal
Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, E) to classify student performance on an exam is an example of measurement on a(n)____________ scale
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Which of the following is NOT a continuous variable?
Time to solve a problem
Temperature
Height
Number of children in a family
Which type of data would you use to record your status as a full or part time student?
Continuous
Dichotomous
Factorial
Which level of measurement would be best to measure the approximate distance from Main Arts to the Wheldon Building?
By definition a ratio scale has an absolute zero. What does this mean?
A point where none of the quality being measured exists
A point where you can score a minus value
A point where you have no opinion on a topic
Absolute zero does not exist; it is a hypothetical construct
In SPSS what is the 'Variable View'?
A dialog box that allows you to choose a statistical test
A table summarising the frequencies of data for one variable
A screen in which variables can be defined and labelled
A screen in which data are entered
Which of the following methods would you use to enter data on gender into SPSS so you can conduct statistical analyses?
Enter data for males first and then for females
Type male, female, or non-gender specific into the appropriate column of the data view
Enter the data into different pages on SPSS depending on whether the answers are Male, Female or Non-gender specific
Numerically code the answers given with different numbers
You are asked on a questionnaire to tick all the relevant boxes that apply to you on an item asking you which clubs or societies you belong to. Affiliation to a club or society would best be thought of what sort of variable?
A categorical variable
An absolute variable
A hypothetical variable
A continuous variable
What is meant by the term descriptive statistics?
Methods used to summarise the data
Methods used to see if the results are significant
Methods used to generalise from a sample
What is the best way to summarise nominal data?
Means
Standard deviations
Frequencies
Medians
The standard deviation is...
The variance divided by the sample size
The square root of the sums of squares
The average of the sums of squares
The square root of the variance
Which of the following statements are true?
A 95% confidence interval is a range of scores from the lowest to the highest value in the sample
A 95% confidence interval is a range of scores within which we believe the population mean will fall
A 95% confidence interval is a range of scores within which we believe that participants were confident in their answers
The frequency distribution of the means of several samples from the population is called....
The standard deviation
The sampling distribution
The mode
The variance
Which type of chart displays the mean with the confidence intervals represented as vertical lines?
Line chart
Histogram chart
Horizontal bar chart
Error bar chart
Compute the mean of the following set of scores and give the answer to 2 decimal places: 3, 5, 7, 3, 6, 8, 2, 7
5.1
5.13
5.12
5.2
A _____________ is a numerical characteristic of a population and a ____________ is a numerical characteristic of a sample
statistic; parameter
mode; mean
model; descriptive
parameter; statistic
The typical value of a dataset is described by measures of...
Central Tendency
Variance
Dispersion
Normality
When the confidence intervals are small, this suggests that...
The population mean is a good estimate of the sample mean
The sample mean is a good estimate of the population mean
The sample mean is a poor estimate of the population mean
The sample mean may be significantly different from the population mean
If an event has a 95% probability of occurring, what does this mean?
The event will occur 5 times out of every 100
The event will occur 95 times out of every 100
The event will occur 95 times out of every 95
The event will occur 5 times out of every 95
Use the additional figure to answer the next three questions. The figure shows the standard normal distribution. Arrow A indicates the ____________
Mean
Median
Mode
Arrow B indicates ______________
68.26% of scores
34.13% of scores
50.00% of scores
95.44% of scores
Arrow C indicates _____________
50% above the mean
100% above the mean
1 standard deviation above the mean
2 standard deviations above the mean
If your z-score was -2.85, this would show that ____________
Your score was 2.85 times smaller than the highest score in the class
Your score was 2.85 standard deviations below the mean
Your score was 2.85 standard deviations above the mean
There was a probability of 2.85% of obtaining a score less than your score
The difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter is called the ______________
Extraneous variable
Experimenter bias
Systematic error
Sampling error
If the scores on a test have a mean of 26 and a standard deviation of 4, what is the z-score for a score of 18?
-2
11
2
-3
If you have a probability of 67%, what is it expressed as a decimal?
0.07
0.06
0.67
6.70
In order to comply with BPS ethics guidelines, researchers should ____________
Ensure that people give informed consent to participate
Ensure that all participants complete the experiment
Ensure that participants do not find out the true purpose of the research
Which of the following would give the closest value to the population mean?
The standard error
The mean of one sample
The mean of several sample means
“A data point very far removed from others within the data set” is known as?
A latent variable
A case
An outlier
Significant
Which of the following actions will always change the value of the mean?
Changing the value of one score
Adding a new score to the distribution
Removing a score from the distribution
A sample consists of n=16 scores. How many of the scores are used to calculate the sample range?
8
15
All 16
The phase of a multiple baseline design in which the treatment is introduced is known as______________.
The baseline
The phaseline
The intervention
The application
Two events are_____________ if they have no effect on each other.
Correlated
Independent
Related
Dependent
Population ___________, sample statistics.
Parameters
Percentiles
Descriptives
Inferentials
The purpose of a research report is to provide what kind of information?
What was done
What was found
How the research study is related to other knowledge
Probability values are always____.
Greater than or equal to 0
Less than or equal to 1
Positive numbers
In a population of N=6, five of the individuals all have scores that are exactly 1 point above the mean. From this information you can determine that the score for the sixth individual must be____________.
Also above the mean by one point.
Below the mean by one point.
Below the mean by five points
We do not have enough information to describe the 6th score.
The normal distribution is an example of________________.
A histogram showing data from a sample.
A polygon showing data from a sample.
A bar graph showing data from a population.
A smooth curve showing data from a population.
Dr Martha Jones is interested in studying how indoor lighting can influence mood during the winter. She selects a sample of 110 households. Fifty of the homes were randomly assigned to the bright-light condition where Dr Jones replaced all the lights with 100-watt bulbs. In the other 50 houses, all the lights were changed to 60 watt bulbs. After two months Dr Martha Jones measured the level of depression for the people living in the houses.
In this example, the level of depression is the ______ variable.
Extraneous
Correlational
In this example, the independent variable is _________.
The brightness of the lights
The level of depression
The houses with 110-watt bulbs
The houses with 60-watt bulbs
The design of the study can best be described as __________
Between-groups
Within-groups
Control group
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