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chemistry A2 OCR flashcards
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- 1Benzeneclassified as carcinogen, colourless liquid with a sweet odour. highly flammable it can form naturally in volcanoes and forest fires.
- 2kekule and problems-didn't explain low reactivity
-all lengths are the same not different (c-c long c=c short)
-enthalpy change of less than expected - 3real structure of benzene
- 4nitration of benzene
- 5halogenation of benzene
- 6phenol + sodium
- 7phenol + bromine
- 8phenol structure
- 9uses of benzenedetergents, explosives, pharmaceuticals and dyestuffs
- 10uses of phenolsalkyl-phenols: surfactants and detergents
chloro-phenols: antiseptics and disinfectants
salicylic acid: aspirin and pharmaceuticals
bisphenol: production of epoxy resins for paint - 11oxidation agent for alcohol-> aldehyde-> carboxylic acidpotassium dichromate(VI)
(orange -> green) - 12reduction of aldehydes +mechNaBH4 (sodium borohydride)
- 132,4-DNP2,4-DNP (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) + methanol + H2SO4 (Brady's reagent)
+aldehyde or ketone = yellow/orange preciptate. impure product is filtered, recrystallised to produce pure. dried and melted to find the carbonyl compound - 14aldehyde or ketonetollen's reagent (weak oxidising)
created: NaOH(aq) + AgNO2(aq)-> AgO (brown precipitate)
dilute NH4 until precipitate is gone.
creates a silver mirror in the presence of a aldehyde. - 15esterification classic
- 16acid anhydride
- 17ester usescosmetics and flavourings
- 18naming convention of fats and triglyceridesOctadec-9,12-dienoic acid -> 18:2 (9,12)
three carboxyls + glycerol = 3 ester bonds - 19HDL + LDLHigh density lipoproteins: Good, cholesterol out
Low density lipoproteins: bad, chelosterol into blood deposit on artery - 20amines + namingAmines: smell bad
two ethyls= N,N
- 21aliphatic amine= (warm) halogenoalkane + (excess)NH4
- 22aromatic amine
- 23DiazotisationNaNO2+HCl->HNO2+NaCl (<10c)
- 24Coupling+NaOH
Brightly coloured compound used as dye
- 25Amino acidsneutral=zwitterion
- 26acid hydrolysis and aklali hydrolysis of amino acidsacid: reflux 6moldm-3 HCl for 24hrs
alkali: NaOH + 100oC - 27biodegradable plastics-Poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid)
-photo degradable - 28Organic synthesis of aliphatic compounds
- 29important aromatic reactions
- 30problems chirality-less pharmacologically active ingredient
-potentially toxic
-dosage confusion
-case study: thalidomide baby deformities, seldane antihistamine isomer heart attacks - 31solutions to chirality-enzymes
-using correct chiral ingredients
-transition element complexes - 32thin-layer chromatography + limitationsstationary=silica gel(SiO2), alumina(Al2O3)
mobile=liquid solvent
solid stationary phase (adsorption), Mobile phase
-similar compounds similar Rf
-unknown compound=unknown Rf
-tricky to separate properly - 33calculate RfRf=distance compound moved
/distance solvent moved - 34GC chromatography + limitationsto separate volatile compounds
solid/liquid stationary coating tube
retention time
-same retention time
-not all separated/detected
-unknown have no reference - 35initial rate of reaction
- 36orders + rateszero=x[A]^0
first=x[A]^1
second=x[A]^2
rate=k[A][B]
rate determined by the slow - 37Kc= + what effects=products/reactants
-temperature shifts, conc + press=no effect - 38def of acid + baseBronsted-Lowry acid=substance that proton can be removed from
Bronsted-Lowry base=substance that proton accept a proton - 39mono-, di and tri acids1proton, 2protons, 3protons
- 40acid w/ metalssalt + hydrogen
tip= avoid H2SO4 + HNO3 when giving examples as they are stong oxidising agents - 41Ka==[H+][A-]/[HA]
[A-]=[H+] in weak acids
[H+]=¬|Ka[HA]
pKa=-log(10)Ka <> Ka=10^-pKa - 42Kw==[H+]x[OH-] or =Kc x [H2O]
- 43buffersnough said
- 44titration and indicatorsequivalence point= centre of vertical bit
end point= equal conc of acid and base OF INDICATOR
choose indicator that has an endpoint as close to the equivalence point as possible - 45enthalpy change of nuetralisation1. Q=m.c./\T (joules)
2. amount of mol reacted
3.scale molar quantities to match
4. formation of one mole from neut - 46/\Hf=everything else
- 47compare NaI to AlCl3AlCl3 more exothermic
as Al is +3 so much smaller and 3 times
Cl has less shells - 48/\G= +feasibility/\H-T/\S
- 49how to make a cell between zinc and coppersalt bridge made out of filter paper + KNO3 or NH4NO3 (unreactive)
- 50hydrogen half cell
- 51feasibility of cells (choosing which way round)always subtract the lowest one
- 52cells (batteries)1. non-recharge= once
2. recharge= chemicals can be reversed (nickel and cadmium or lithium ion) - 53advantages of fuel cells storage of hydrogen limitationsobvs co2 + more efficient
stored: pressure, on solid, in solid
-transport + large storage
-toxic chemicals in production
-fuel cells have limited lifespan - 54transition element + anomolysa d-block element that forms an ion with an incomplete d sub-shell
-chromium and copper - 55transition oxidaion colours
- 56transition precipitationCo starts pink, Fe2+ starts green,
Fe3+ starts yellow, Cu starts blue
- 57ligand substitution reactions of copper with NH3[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (pale blue)
->Cu(OH)2 (pale blue precip)
->[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ (deep blue) - 58ligand substitution reactions of copper with Cl[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (pale blue)
->[CuCl4]2- (yellow)
(green colour when only halve has reacted) - 59ligand substitution reactions of cobalt with Cl[Co(H2O)6]2+ (pink solution)
->[CoCl4]2- (blue solution) - 60Kstab=products/reactants
(forget water) - 61MnO4- + Fe2+MnO4- +8H+ +5Fe2+->Mn2+ +5Fe3+ +4H2O
(MnO4-=purple -> Mn2+=near colourless) - 62CuIwhite precip
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- El usuario ha eliminado su información de asignaturas Fichas sobre chemistry A2 OCR flashcards, creado por Usuario eliminado el 30/11/2016.
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- Creado por David Alty · 25 mar 2016
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