History Exam Study Guide

Four Rivers Civilization

· Geography:

o Affected cultures and how they developed. Study of people environments and resources. Themes tell historians how people in the past lived and about human history

o People were attracted to living near the rivers because of the fertile soil

· Affect of the Rivers

o The Nile experiences an annual flood that deposits nutrient rich silts along the banks

§ Allowed farming to take hold along the Nile

§ Civilizations/cities

§ Animals= food

· Social classes

o Egypt

§ Pharaoh/ high priest/nobles/merchants-scribes-artisans/peasants and slaves

o Fertile Crescent/ME

§ Each state had distinct hierarch; woman legal rights (trade/ property)

o China

§ Shang= royals/noble warriors/ artisans-merchants/peasants Zhou= feudal system

o India

§ Brahmans- priests; Kshatriyas- warriors/rulers: Vaisyas-common people; Sudras; Pariahs

· Code of Hammurabi

o 1790

o Set of laws by Babylonian King Hammuurabi to unite the empire.

o 1st attempt of ruler to codify- set in writing, all laws to govern a state

o Criminal law- deals with offence against others

o Civil law- private rights/matter

· Fertile Crescent

o Area from the Tigris to Euphrates

o Traveled through often- Nomadic herders, invaders, traders

o Crossroads of people/ ideas- source of cult diffusion

· Writing

o Sumerians earliest writing- Cuneiform

§ Involved using a reed pen to make wedge- shaped marks on clay tablets

§ Grew from pictographs originally meant to record goods, later more complex

· Decline

o Egypt- Ramses III led Egypt to a costly war for Syria

o ME- Conquered or bad harvest/ weapons/trade (Sumer, Akkadians, Babylon, Hittites, Assyrians)

o India- Indus river valley- volcano= flood, earthquake, Aryans invade

o China-Zhou too weak to control feudal lords who ignore emperor

· Feudalism in China

o System of government where local lords govern their own land, but they owe military service and other support to the ruler

o Zhou supporters granted control over parts of land- became feudal- lead to money and power for lords

Greece

· Phalanx and fleet

o Fleet

§ Athens wealthy and powerful

§ Power for poor classes because everyone could participate

§ It was better than a role in political life

o Phalanx

§ Massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers, shared training

§ Strong sense of unity with city-soldiers

§ All participated because of affordable iron and military success- sense of individualism

§ People wanted to vote= democracy

§ Reduced class difference

· City state

o Significance of Geo

§ Mountains divide into individual valleys

§ Small cities divided by mountains

§ Rivalry and wars

§ Spread with Med sea

§ Crowded seas

o Persian War

§ Persians take over Greece- rebellion starts

o Marathon-

§ Darius sent men to punish Athens; small number of Athenians break through and force overwhelmed Persians to retreat

o Pheidippides

§ Sent by Athenians to carry home news of Marathon victory.

§ Sprinted 26.2 miles to Athens then died

o Battle of Salamis

§ Themistocles urged Athens to build fleet; Athenians lure Persian navy to strait of Salamis

§ Athens warships powered by rowers drove Persian boats with underwater battering rams

§ Xerxe watched fleet sink

o Pericles

§ Direct democracy

§ Court law and golden age; made Athens Greek culture center

o Aristotle

§ Love one ruler

§ Taught good conduct= pursuit of moderation

o Plato

§ Importance of reason

§ Big gov with more regulations on peoples lives for their best interest

o Golden age of Athens

§ Art and architecture reflect balance beauty and order, sculpture more realistic

§ Harmony in architecture

§ Theater plays myths and morals

§ Reason and observation in history

§ Philosophy use reason to understand why things happen

Rome

· Greek Influence

o Early Rome got ideas from Greek colonies

o After Rome conquered Greece, Rome Borrowed from Greece

o Rome thought Greek art, lit, philosophy, science genius equaled height of cultural achievement

o Mix of Rome, Greek, Hellenistic tradition= Greco-Roman Civilization, spread by trade and travel in Pax or peace

· Republic

o Governemnt where officials chosen by people of supreme power rest with citizens

o Senate- (300) patricians serve life dominated and made laws

o Consuls- patricians who supervise government and command army and veto power

o Patricians- members of the landholding upper class. Members of gov

o Plebeians- common people- farmers, merchants, artisans, traders- most of population

§ Wanted power and got it; twelve tablets- Rule of Law set up in forum

ú These made it possible for plebeians to appeal judgment handed down by patrician judge

§ Got right to elect Tribunes- people who protect plebeians interests and other high positions veto power

· Roman Law- In Republic

o Civil law- applied to all citizens, lead to expansion of Rome

o Law of nations- applied to all people under Roman rule (citizen and non) in provinces

o Rome extends citizenship across empire- 2 year systems merge

· Punic Wars- Carthage= North Africa and West Med

o 1st- Rome quickly made fleet and defeated Carthage. Carthage gave up Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia

o 2nd – Hannibal- son of Carthagian King wants revenge

§ Expanded into Spain and planned to attack Italy, destroys towns

§ Battle of Cannae-Romans attacked Hannibal goes home to defend

§ Battle of Zama- Scipio- Roman general defeated Hannibal. Peace terms with carthage- carthange promised no more wars

o 3rd- Carthage violated peace terms. Rome destroyed Carthage, made people claves- carthage became a province of Rome

· Change in Roman Society

o Latifundia- Huge estates for wealthy families

§ Conquered people worked as slaves and collected grain

§ Small farmers did not need to collect food because all the conquered people were doing it for them which put farmers out of business, the farmers moved to Rome -no jobs

§ Civil wars continued

o Proletariat- working class -slaves

· Augustus as Emperor- Roman Legions maintain and protect roads

o 6 reforms created service to law

o Opened high level jobs regardless of race

o Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves

o Ordered a census to make a more fair tax system

o Set up postal system and new coins

o Employed the jobless

· Fall of Rome

o Political causes

§ Citizens felt less responsible

§ No emperor= no direction

§ Fighting for emperor

§ Harsh government

o Economic Causes

§ East had most wealth

§ Small farms disappeared

§ Cities decayed

§ Common people could not find work because slaves did all labor

§ Fighting in provinces

§ Trade and tax collecting was impossible

§ Inflation

§ Had to pay for the army

§ Rome ran out of resources

o Social causes

§ Citizens invaded military service

§ Rome’s military was weakened- lacked discipline and patriotism

§ Smaller population

§ Famine diseases and plagues spread

§ Christianity spread and thought about salvation

§ Fighting amongst classes

§ Rome became degenerate

o Military Causes

§ Soldiers were mercenaries from Germany without loyalty to Rome

· Code of Justinian

o “Body of Civil Law”

o Justinian set up comission to collect, revise, organize ancient Roman laws

o Model for medieval monarchs, Roman Catholic Church, later legal thinkers

o Used to unite Byzantine empire under his control

Middle Ages

· Kishlansy- remains of Rome ruled by multiple barbaric groups. Leaders combine Roman civil admin/law with own barbaric customs and military tech. Many groups moved in England. Christianity got to Britain.

· Charlemagne- helped pope Leo III crush rebellion- made him Emperor of Rome

o Revived ideal united Christian community

o Laid ground for struggles Roman Catholic Popes vs. Emperors

o Tried to exercise control and unite Christian Europe

o Spread Christianity

o Revived Latin learning

· Feudalism

o Because invasions, new political system= loosely organized system of rule where powerful local lord divide land holdings among lesser lord (vassals) who pledge service and loyalty

o Knights- mounted warriors fought with chivalry under nobles-way of life= warfare and trained to become knights

o Castles- lived on manors or lords estate

§ Heart of Medieval economy bound by mutual obligation

· Papal Supremacy

o Authority over all secular rulers, popes claimed

o After fall of Rome, church most powerful secular force

o Church had own law- canon law and courts

· Anti-Semitism Growth

o (Prejudice against Jews)

o Jewish communities in Europe persecuted in hard times by Christians for economic problems, illness, disaster

o Jews move to Europe

o Jews took jobs like money lending because Christians couldn’t

· Agricultural Revolution

o New tech (iron plows, windmills, horse harness, 3 field system)

o Greater productivity lead to population growth and demand for goods

o Trade growth- new trade routes, trade fairs, Town growth

o Commercial Revolution- Business change (partnership, Insurance); social change (middle class forms/ feudalism ends)

· Recentralization of Power-

o Monarchs set up royal courts, org gov bureaucracies, tax system built armies, strengthen ties with middle class to expand power

· Magna Carta

o King John angered nobles with oppressive tax

o 1215, barons force John to sign

§ Limited royal power, extended feudal rigths, king had to consult Great council of Lords and clergy to raise tax, recognize church/ townspeople legal rights

§ Main ideas

ú 1. Asserted nobles certain rights

ú 2. Monarch must obey law

· Parliament

o English rulers ask Great council of lords for advice

o Had a big role in gov and unifying England

o Reps of common people- House of Commons

o Nobles and clergy- House of Lords

· Capetians

o Louis IX and Phillip II increased Royal French power

o Capetians added to lands paying rival nobles against each other

o Won church support

o Built effective bureaucracy

o Made throne hereditary

· HRE (not)

o Became broken into separate states

o German emperors claim power, but nobles and clergy hold real power

o Fights over lay investiture- monarchs/ HRE emperors appoint church officials in own realms

· Plague

o Social upheaval people use magic, witchcraft and wild pleasures to cope

o Repent for sins hitting selves, slaughtered Jews

o Increased labor costs, inflation, revolts for jobs

Crusades

· Speech of pope Urban II

o Calls on people to spread word Christians in the Byzantine Empire and Holy Land need aid fighting Muslims

o Motivate- remission of sin

§ Gods will

§ New life styles

§ Money

§ Adventure

§ Heal schism

§ Pope power less feudal fights

· Alexius

o Byzantine Emperor asked for Christian knights to help fight Turks

o Too many Europeans arrived, refused to let enter city

o Strict Christian anti-Arab ruler- merciless

· Reconquista in Spain

o Campaign to drive Muslims from Spain

o Muslims had most of Spain and Christians drove almost all out

o End religious toleration and launch brutal crusade against Jews/Muslims

India

· Hinduism

o India- over lap of diverse beliefs (Aryan Indus) countless god/goddess

o Want moksha- union with Brahman- Reincarnation (soul rebirth to other bodily form) >karma

· Buddhism

o Asia-no castes/ priests

o 4 truths- pain=desire- 8 fold path- union with universe and release from rebirth

o Stupas- large dome-shaped shrines with Buddha/other holy people sacred remains

· Maurya Empire

o Unite India

o Chandragupta- founder, harsh bureaucracy, secret police

o Asoka- 1st brutal conqueror, converts to Buddhism- no violence, tolerance, law giver, decline post Asoka

· Gupta empire

o Most powerful Indian state

o Strong central gov (Hindu)

o Tolerant, loose, rule golden age

o Trade

o Arts and learning- math, medical, temples

· Mughal Empire

o Muslim Akbar

§ Central gov, toleration won Hindu subject support, promoted religious harmony, Persecution of Hindus- caused revolts

§ Hindus and Muslims had differences- but did not blend

· Sikhism vs. Islam

o Guru Nanak blended Islam/Hindu beliefs

o Unity of God, brotherhood, reject caste, futility idol worship, north India, military forces clash with Mughals

o Monotheistic- no idols

China

· Confucius

o Was born in 551 BC to a noble but poor family

o He wandered from court to court—telling rulers how to govern

§ Took little interest in religious matter

o Five major relationships

§ Father to son

§ Elder brother to younger brother

§ Husband to wife

§ Ruler to subject

§ Friendship

o Believed that except for friendship none of these relationships were equal

o Harmony resulted in acceptance in their place of society

· Legalism

o A different philosophy grew out of the teachings of Hanfeizi

§ Believed the nature of man was evil

o Thought that the only way to achieve order was through strict laws and impose harsh punishments

o To legalists strength was the best virtue

o Many feudal rulers used legalism to keep order

o It was the official policy of Qin—emperor who united China in 221 BC

§ After him people despised legalism

· Daoism

o Laozi was the founder of Daoism

§ Wrote The Way of Virtue—enormous influence on Chinese life

o Was not focused on bringing order to human affair

§ Rejected conflict and strife

o Wanted to ended human desire

o -Viewed government as unnatural and caused many problems

§ Many became hermits, artists, or poets

o They thought the best government was the ones that governed the least

· How Buddhism spread from India

o 100 AD missionaries and merchants had spread Mahayana Buddhism from India into China

o -Buddhism became very popular especially in times of crisis

§ It was an appeal because it was an escape from suffering

o By 400 AD Buddhism spread throughout China

· Han Dynasty

o Liu Bang set about restoring order and justice to his empire

§ Lowered taxes and eased the Qin emperor’s harsh rule

o Set up an imperial university at Xian

o -141 BC to 87 BC he strengthened the government and economy

o -Wudi furthered economic growth by improving canals and roads

o - Followed a policy of expansionism by increasing the amount of territory under Chinese rule

o -Opened up a trade route which was later called the silk road

o -In 220 AD ambitious warlords overthrew the last Han emperor

· Chinese Society Ch. 13 s.1

o Most scholar-officials came from the Gentry—wealthy landowning class

o The Song Gentry class appreciated learning more than physical labor

§ Supported a revival of Confucian thought

o Most Chinese were peasants

§ Drought and famine were a constant threat

o Peasants lived in self-sufficient villages

§ Relied on one another

o They could movie up in society

o Merchants had an even lower status than peasants according to Confucian teachings

§ Confucian attitude toward merchants affected economic policy

o Women had a higher status in Tang dynasty than in Song

§ *In the home they were called upon to run family affairs

o Women’s subordinate position was reinforced when foot binding emerged

· Golden Age

o Texts

o Astronomy

o Seismograph

o Acupuncture diagnosis

o Tech-paper

o Shipbuilding

o Architect

o Carvings

o Figures

· Status of woman

o Tang/Song had high stat manage house, later, Foot binding enforced subordinate stat of women small feet= nobility and beauty women should stay home

· Silk road Activity

o Silk road passes through mountains deserts and seas

§ Tienshian mountains

§ Aral sea

o Roads linked cities to the fertile crescent

o Exchange of goods and ideas- gain knowledge

o It is very important because it links countries peacefully and increased trade

· The Mongols

o Were nomadic people

o In the 1200s a chief united these tribes

o Mongol forces conquered a vast empire

o Genghiz Khan imposed strict military discipline and demanded absolute loyalty

o Learned to use new weapons as they fought the Chinese and Turks

§ *Conquered the Chinese—took them 70 more years to conquer the south

o Did not want Mongols to be absorbed into Chinese society

§ *Reserved high government jobs for Mongols

Africa

· Geography

o 2nd largest continent- 2 major regions

o Mild temperatures and frequent rainfall- fertile farmland

o Fertile farmland along the Mediterranean and Southern Africa

o Sahara Desert

§ Largest desert in the world

§ Receives less than 3 inches of rain a year

§ May reach 137* but dryness is what makes it a desert, not the heat

§ The size of the U.S.

· Bantu people

o Migrations contributed to the rich diversity of peoples and cultures

o Learned that West African farmers and herders migrated to the south and east in 1000 BC

· Islam in Africa

o Came from North Africa (Berbers: early converts of Islam)

o North Africa had salt and West Africa had gold

§ *They traded which is how Islam got to W.E.

o Traders convert first then rulers followed traders

o Kings converted because it gave them between connections and relations with Islam’s

· Christianity in Africa

o In the great trading centers many merchants came and ideas spread

§ The king Ezana converted to Christianity

o Christianity strengthened the ties between Axum and the Mediterranean world

§ In 600s Islam started to spread –many rulers embraced this new faith: became isolated from the trade network

o Despite the isolation—Ethiopian Christians kept ties with Holy land (some pilgrimaged to Jerusalem)

· Trade in Africa

o Salt, gold, iron, copper, diamond spurred trade

o -Difficulties

§ *Lack of natural harbors

§ *Plateau in the interior

o Rivers were navigable

o Seas linked Africa and Asia and Middle East

· John Green Video on African Trade

o Diverse

o Islam spread along trade routes

o Ideas and religions spread through trade

· Mansa Musa

o 1300s Islamic King ruling what is now Mali

o -Economic power was shown when he went to pilgrimage to Mecca

§ Gave away much of his riches

§ Disrupted economy in Alexandria (Egypt)

o Merchants of Venice say him and reported back to Italy that there was much gold in Africa everywhere (which is not true)

o Presence gave idea that he was a rich and complex ruler which broke the belief that Africa was poor

o Controlled large area of city Timbuktu (Mali)

o Went on pilgrimage to Mecca

Renaissance

· Northern Europe vs. Italian Renaissance

o It was logical that the Renaissance was in Italy—that is where the Roman Empire was

§ Had all the visual reminders of Roman grandeur—architecture, statues, coins

o Florence came to symbolize the energy of the Renaissance more than any other city

o Differed from other countries because its cities survived during the Middle Ages

· Humanism

o Not a rigorous philosophical system

o Is an attitude about learning and life

· Petrarch, Erasmus, More

o Petrarch

§ Early Florentine Renaissance Humanist; in churches assembled Greek Roman manuscripts

§ Cicero, Homer, Virgil

o Erasmus

§ Dutch Priest and humanist

§ Church reform and fro bible translation into vernacular, language of ordinary people-people should be open minded /good willed

o Thomas Moore

§ Humanist friend of Erasmus

§ Pressed social reform

§ Wrote utopia- ideal society

· Element of the Renaissance

o Classicism

§ -Emphasis on Latin and Greek writers

o Individualism

§ -Concept of individual achievement

o Secularism

§ -Objects and people are important

ú *God had created a world of beauty that can be enjoyed

· School of Athens- progressive revelation

o Painting by Raphael

o Main people- Pluto and Aristotle

o Shows different people from different eras in history working together

· Printing Revolution

o Johann Gutenberg made 1st printing press

o Printed books- cheaper, easy to produce

o Books readily available more people could read

o Readers gain access to broad range of knowledge and ideas

· Ideal man and woman

o Man

§ Talented in many fields

§ Leonardo Di Vinci was a “renaissance man”

o Woman

§ Balanced out the man

§ Only had good attributes

§ Soft spoken

Protestant Reformation

· Counter Reformation

o Pope Paul III led reform movement to revive Church moral authority and roll back Protestant tide

o St. Ignatius:

§ Founded Society of Jesus

§ Combat heresy spread faith

§ Strict program

§ Taught humanist and catholic beliefs

§ Obedience to the pope

o Theresa of Avila

§ Set up own strict order of nuns

§ Mystical writing

§ Reorganized convent/monasteries

o Widespread Persecution

§ Catholics and Protestants intolerant-kill each other

§ Witchhunts

§ Jews forced into ghettos-expelled from Christian lands books and synagogues burnt

§ Inquisition

§ Luther expels Jews

o Martin Luther

§ Teachings- salvation achieved through faith alone

ú The bible is the sole source of religious truth

ú All Christians have equal faith

§ Ideas spread quickly in northern Germany and Scandinavia

ú Many saw his reforms as a answer

ú Princes hoped to over throw church

ú Germany had national loyalty

ú Peasants hoped that he would support social and economic change

§ 95 theses

ú Distributed through out Europe

o Peace of Augsburg

§ King failed to force Lutherans back into the church- the finally reached a agreement

§ Princes were able to choose a religion and there area would follow that religion

o English Reformation

§ King Henry VII-

ú Wanted to end papal control- political reasons

ú Pope refused to annul his marriage- he took English church

o The so-called media campaign to spread the Protestant message

§ Pictures and Hymns

ú Popes-devil

§ Portrayed the falling of the church- idea they had no authority

o UFHOD

§ Doc 3. Luther, A almighty Fortress Is

ú Hymn

ú Still used today-protestant churches

ú Singing is a effective way to teach a congregation

§ Doc 6. Matthias Gerung, 1546

ú Heaven and hell image

ú Christ decides who stays and goes

ú Devils wear pope related clothing

ú Devil drags people to hell

§ Doc 9. Lucas Cranach

ú German artist

· People crap into the popes hat thing

· Against papacy at Rome created by the devil

§ Doc 10. German Pamphlet

ú Common for reformation materials

ú One man is using biblical quotes to talk about the pope as antichrist

ú Tone: serious- gossip

Timeline

· Code of Hammerabi-1790 BC

· Punic Wars- 264-241 BC

· Beginning of the Phlanax-670 BC

· Fall of Rome-476 AD

· Magna Carta-1215 AD

· Arrival of Plague in Europe-1347 AD

· Pope Urban’s Speech-1095 AD

· Beginning of Gupta Empire-320 AD

· Gutenberg’s Printing Press-1456 AD

· Beginning of Tang dynasty-618 AD

· Shi Huangdi comes to power-221 AD

· Sonni Ali comes to power-1464 AD

· Marco Polo visits China-1271 AD

· Bantu people migrate into Botswana and South Africa-1000 BC

· New Kingdom in Egypt-1550 AD

· Mansa Musa comes to power- 1312 AD

	Creado por lgiulieri hace alrededor de 10 años

college prep History Apunte sobre History exam outline, creado por lgiulieri el 20/05/2014.