History exam outline

History Exam Study Guide Four Rivers Civilization ·      Geography: o   Affected cultures and how they developed. Study of people environments and resources. Themes tell historians how people in the past lived and about human history o   People were attracted to living near the rivers because of the fertile soil ·      Affect of the Rivers o   The Nile experiences an annual flood that deposits nutrient rich silts along the banks §  Allowed farming to take hold along the Nile §  Civilizations/cities §  Animals= food ·      Social classes o   Egypt §  Pharaoh/ high priest/nobles/merchants-scribes-artisans/peasants and slaves o   Fertile Crescent/ME §  Each state had distinct hierarch; woman legal rights  (trade/ property) o   China §  Shang= royals/noble warriors/ artisans-merchants/peasants Zhou= feudal system o   India §  Brahmans- priests; Kshatriyas- warriors/rulers: Vaisyas-common people; Sudras; Pariahs ·      Code of Hammurabi o   1790 o   Set of laws by Babylonian King Hammuurabi to unite the empire. o   1st attempt of ruler to codify- set in writing, all laws to govern a state o   Criminal law- deals with offence against others o   Civil law- private rights/matter ·      Fertile Crescent o   Area from the Tigris to Euphrates o   Traveled through often- Nomadic herders, invaders, traders o   Crossroads of people/ ideas- source of cult diffusion ·      Writing o   Sumerians earliest writing- Cuneiform §  Involved using a reed pen to make wedge- shaped marks on clay tablets §  Grew from pictographs originally meant to record goods, later more complex ·      Decline o   Egypt- Ramses III led Egypt to a costly war for Syria o   ME- Conquered or bad harvest/ weapons/trade (Sumer, Akkadians, Babylon, Hittites, Assyrians) o   India- Indus river valley- volcano= flood, earthquake, Aryans invade o   China-Zhou too weak to control feudal lords who ignore emperor ·      Feudalism in China o   System of government where local lords govern their own land, but they owe military service and other support to the ruler o   Zhou supporters granted control over parts of land- became feudal- lead to money and power for lords Greece ·      Phalanx and fleet o   Fleet §  Athens wealthy and powerful §  Power for poor classes because everyone could participate §  It was better than a role in political life o   Phalanx §  Massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers, shared training §  Strong sense of unity with city-soldiers §  All participated because of affordable iron and military success- sense of individualism §  People wanted to vote= democracy §  Reduced class difference ·      City state o   Significance of Geo §  Mountains divide into individual valleys §  Small cities divided by mountains §  Rivalry and wars §  Spread with Med sea §  Crowded seas o   Persian War §  Persians take over Greece- rebellion starts o   Marathon- §  Darius sent men to punish Athens; small number of Athenians break through and force overwhelmed Persians to retreat o   Pheidippides §   Sent by Athenians to carry home news of Marathon victory. §  Sprinted 26.2 miles to Athens then died o   Battle of Salamis §  Themistocles urged Athens to build fleet; Athenians lure Persian navy to strait of Salamis §  Athens warships powered by rowers drove Persian boats with underwater battering rams §  Xerxe watched fleet sink o   Pericles §  Direct democracy §  Court law and golden age; made Athens Greek culture center o   Aristotle §  Love one ruler §  Taught good conduct= pursuit of moderation o   Plato §  Importance of reason §  Big gov with more regulations on peoples lives for their best interest o   Golden age of Athens §  Art and architecture reflect balance beauty and order, sculpture more realistic §  Harmony in architecture §  Theater plays myths and morals §  Reason and observation in history §  Philosophy use reason to understand why things happen Rome ·      Greek Influence o   Early Rome got ideas from Greek colonies o   After Rome conquered Greece, Rome Borrowed from Greece o   Rome thought Greek art, lit, philosophy, science genius equaled height of cultural achievement o   Mix of Rome, Greek, Hellenistic tradition= Greco-Roman Civilization, spread by trade and travel in Pax or peace ·      Republic o   Governemnt where officials chosen by people of supreme power rest with citizens o   Senate- (300) patricians serve life dominated and made laws o   Consuls- patricians who supervise government and command army and veto power o   Patricians- members of the landholding upper class. Members of gov o   Plebeians- common people- farmers, merchants, artisans, traders- most of population §  Wanted power and got it; twelve tablets- Rule of Law set up in forum ú  These made it possible for plebeians to appeal judgment handed down by patrician judge §  Got right to elect Tribunes- people who protect plebeians interests and other high positions veto power ·      Roman Law- In Republic o   Civil law- applied to all citizens, lead to expansion of Rome o   Law of nations- applied to all people under Roman rule (citizen and non) in provinces o   Rome extends citizenship across empire- 2 year systems merge ·      Punic Wars- Carthage= North Africa and West Med o   1st- Rome quickly made fleet and defeated Carthage. Carthage gave up Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia o   2nd – Hannibal- son of Carthagian King wants revenge §  Expanded into Spain and planned to attack Italy, destroys towns §  Battle of Cannae-Romans attacked Hannibal goes home to defend §  Battle of Zama- Scipio- Roman general defeated Hannibal. Peace terms with carthage- carthange promised no more wars o   3rd- Carthage violated peace terms. Rome destroyed Carthage, made people claves- carthage became a province of Rome ·      Change in Roman Society o   Latifundia- Huge estates for wealthy families §  Conquered people worked as slaves and collected grain §  Small farmers did not need to collect food because all the conquered people were doing it for them which put farmers out of business, the farmers moved to Rome -no jobs §  Civil wars continued o   Proletariat- working class -slaves ·      Augustus as Emperor- Roman Legions maintain and protect roads o   6 reforms created service to law o   Opened high level jobs regardless of race o   Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves o   Ordered a census to make a more fair tax system o   Set up postal system and new coins o   Employed the jobless ·      Fall of Rome o   Political causes §  Citizens felt less responsible §  No emperor= no direction §  Fighting for emperor §  Harsh government o   Economic Causes §  East had most wealth §  Small farms disappeared §  Cities decayed §  Common people could not find work because slaves did all labor §  Fighting in provinces §  Trade and tax collecting was impossible §  Inflation §  Had to pay for the army §  Rome ran out of resources o   Social causes §  Citizens invaded military service §  Rome’s military was weakened- lacked discipline and patriotism §  Smaller population §  Famine diseases and plagues spread §  Christianity spread and thought about salvation §  Fighting amongst classes §  Rome became degenerate o   Military Causes §  Soldiers were mercenaries from Germany without loyalty to Rome ·      Code of Justinian o   “Body of Civil Law” o   Justinian set up comission to collect, revise, organize ancient Roman laws o   Model for medieval monarchs, Roman Catholic Church, later legal thinkers o   Used to unite Byzantine empire under his control Middle Ages ·      Kishlansy- remains of Rome ruled by multiple barbaric groups. Leaders combine Roman civil admin/law with own barbaric customs and military tech. Many groups moved in England. Christianity got to Britain. ·      Charlemagne- helped pope Leo III crush rebellion- made him Emperor of Rome o   Revived ideal united Christian community o   Laid ground for struggles Roman Catholic Popes vs. Emperors o   Tried to exercise control and unite Christian Europe o   Spread Christianity o   Revived Latin learning ·      Feudalism o   Because invasions, new political system= loosely organized system of rule where powerful local lord divide land holdings among lesser lord (vassals) who pledge service and loyalty o   Knights- mounted warriors fought with chivalry under nobles-way of life= warfare and trained to become knights o   Castles- lived on manors or lords estate §  Heart of Medieval economy bound by mutual obligation ·      Papal Supremacy o   Authority over all secular rulers, popes claimed o   After fall of Rome, church most powerful secular force o   Church had own law- canon law and courts ·      Anti-Semitism Growth o   (Prejudice against Jews) o   Jewish communities in Europe persecuted in hard times by Christians for economic problems, illness, disaster o   Jews move to Europe o   Jews took jobs like money lending because Christians couldn’t ·      Agricultural Revolution o   New tech (iron plows, windmills, horse harness, 3 field system) o   Greater productivity lead to population growth and demand for goods o   Trade growth- new trade routes, trade fairs, Town growth o   Commercial Revolution- Business change (partnership, Insurance); social change (middle class forms/ feudalism ends) ·      Recentralization of Power- o   Monarchs set up royal courts, org gov bureaucracies, tax system built armies, strengthen ties with middle class to expand power ·      Magna Carta o    King John angered nobles with oppressive tax o   1215, barons force John to sign §  Limited royal power, extended feudal rigths, king had to consult Great council of Lords and clergy to raise tax, recognize church/ townspeople legal rights §  Main ideas ú  1. Asserted nobles certain rights ú  2. Monarch must obey law ·      Parliament o   English rulers ask Great council of lords for advice o   Had a big role in gov and unifying England o   Reps of common people- House of Commons o   Nobles and clergy- House of Lords ·      Capetians o   Louis IX and Phillip II increased Royal French power o   Capetians added to lands paying rival nobles against each other o   Won church support o   Built effective bureaucracy o   Made throne hereditary ·      HRE (not) o   Became broken into separate states o   German emperors claim power, but nobles and clergy hold real power o   Fights over lay investiture- monarchs/ HRE emperors appoint church officials in own realms ·      Plague o   Social upheaval people use magic, witchcraft and wild pleasures to cope o   Repent for sins hitting selves, slaughtered Jews o   Increased labor costs, inflation, revolts for jobs Crusades ·      Speech of pope Urban II o   Calls on people to spread word Christians in the Byzantine Empire and Holy Land need aid fighting Muslims o   Motivate- remission of sin §  Gods will §  New life styles §  Money §  Adventure §  Heal schism §  Pope power less feudal fights ·      Alexius o   Byzantine Emperor asked for Christian knights to help fight Turks o   Too many Europeans arrived, refused to let enter city o   Strict Christian anti-Arab ruler- merciless ·      Reconquista in Spain o   Campaign to drive Muslims from Spain o   Muslims had most of Spain and Christians drove almost all out o   End religious toleration and launch brutal crusade against Jews/Muslims India ·      Hinduism o   India- over lap of diverse beliefs (Aryan Indus) countless god/goddess o   Want moksha- union with Brahman- Reincarnation (soul rebirth to other bodily form) >karma·      Buddhism o   Asia-no castes/ priests o   4 truths- pain=desire- 8 fold path- union with universe and release from rebirth o   Stupas- large dome-shaped shrines with Buddha/other holy people sacred remains ·      Maurya Empire o   Unite India o   Chandragupta- founder, harsh bureaucracy, secret police o   Asoka- 1st brutal conqueror, converts to Buddhism- no violence, tolerance, law giver, decline post Asoka ·      Gupta empire o   Most powerful Indian state o   Strong central gov (Hindu) o   Tolerant, loose, rule golden age o   Trade o   Arts and learning- math, medical, temples ·      Mughal Empire o   Muslim Akbar §  Central gov, toleration won Hindu subject support, promoted religious harmony, Persecution of Hindus- caused revolts §  Hindus and Muslims had differences- but did not blend ·      Sikhism vs. Islam o   Guru Nanak blended Islam/Hindu beliefs o   Unity of God, brotherhood, reject caste, futility idol worship, north India, military forces clash with Mughals o   Monotheistic- no idols China ·      Confucius o   Was born in 551 BC to a noble but poor family o   He wandered from court to court—telling rulers how to govern §  Took little interest in religious matter o   Five major relationships §  Father to son §  Elder brother to younger brother §  Husband to wife §  Ruler to subject §  Friendship o   Believed that except for friendship none of these relationships were equal o   Harmony resulted in acceptance in their place of society ·      Legalism o   A different philosophy grew out of the teachings of Hanfeizi §  Believed the nature of man was evil o   Thought that the only way to achieve order was through strict laws and impose harsh punishments o   To legalists strength was the best virtue o   Many feudal rulers used legalism to keep order o   It was the official policy of Qin—emperor who united China in 221 BC §  After him people despised legalism ·      Daoism o   Laozi was the founder of Daoism §  Wrote The Way of Virtue—enormous influence on Chinese life o   Was not focused on bringing order to human affair §  Rejected conflict and strife o   Wanted to ended human desire o   -Viewed government as unnatural and caused many problems §  Many became hermits, artists, or poets o   They thought the best government was the ones that governed the least ·      How Buddhism spread from India o   100 AD missionaries and merchants had spread Mahayana Buddhism from India into China o   -Buddhism became very popular especially in times of crisis §  It was an appeal because it was an escape from suffering o   By 400 AD Buddhism spread throughout China ·      Han Dynasty o   Liu Bang set about restoring order and justice to his empire §  Lowered taxes and eased the Qin emperor’s harsh rule o   Set up an imperial university at Xian o   -141 BC to 87 BC he strengthened the government and economy o   -Wudi furthered economic growth by improving canals and roads o   - Followed a policy of expansionism by increasing the amount of territory under Chinese rule o   -Opened up a trade route which was later called the silk road o   -In 220 AD ambitious warlords overthrew the last Han emperor ·      Chinese Society Ch. 13 s.1 o   Most scholar-officials came from the Gentry—wealthy landowning class o    The Song Gentry class appreciated learning more than physical labor §  Supported a revival of Confucian thought o   Most Chinese were peasants §  Drought and famine were a constant threat o   Peasants lived in self-sufficient villages §  Relied on one another o   They could movie up in society o   Merchants had an even lower status than peasants according to Confucian teachings §  Confucian attitude toward merchants affected economic policy o   Women had a higher status in Tang dynasty than in Song §  *In the home they were called upon to run family affairs o   Women’s subordinate position was reinforced when foot binding emerged ·      Golden Age o   Texts o    Astronomy o   Seismograph o   Acupuncture diagnosis o    Tech-paper o   Shipbuilding o   Architect o   Carvings o   Figures ·      Status of woman o   Tang/Song had high stat manage house, later, Foot binding enforced subordinate stat of women small feet= nobility and beauty women should stay home ·      Silk road Activity o   Silk road passes through mountains deserts and seas §  Tienshian mountains §  Aral sea o   Roads linked cities to the fertile crescent o   Exchange of goods and ideas- gain knowledge o   It is very important because it links countries peacefully and increased trade ·      The Mongols o   Were nomadic people o   In the 1200s a chief united these tribes o   Mongol forces conquered a vast empire o   Genghiz Khan imposed strict military discipline and demanded absolute loyalty o   Learned to use new weapons as they fought the Chinese and Turks §  *Conquered the Chinese—took them 70 more years to conquer the south o   Did not want Mongols to be absorbed into Chinese society §  *Reserved high government jobs for Mongols   Africa ·      Geography o   2nd largest continent- 2 major regions o   Mild temperatures and frequent rainfall- fertile farmland o   Fertile farmland along the Mediterranean and Southern Africa o    Sahara Desert §  Largest desert in the world §  Receives less than 3 inches of rain a year §  May reach 137* but dryness is what makes it a desert, not the heat §  The size of the U.S. ·      Bantu people o   Migrations contributed to the rich diversity of peoples and cultures o   Learned that West African farmers and herders migrated to the south and east in 1000 BC ·      Islam in Africa o   Came from North Africa (Berbers: early converts of Islam) o   North Africa had salt and West Africa had gold §  *They traded which is how Islam got to W.E. o   Traders convert first then rulers followed traders o   Kings converted because it gave them between connections and relations with Islam’s ·      Christianity in Africa o   In the great trading centers many merchants came and ideas spread §  The king Ezana converted to Christianity o   Christianity strengthened the ties between Axum and the Mediterranean world §  In 600s Islam started to spread –many rulers embraced this new faith: became isolated from the trade network o   Despite the isolation—Ethiopian Christians kept ties with Holy land (some pilgrimaged to Jerusalem) ·      Trade in Africa o   Salt, gold, iron, copper, diamond spurred trade o   -Difficulties §  *Lack of natural harbors §  *Plateau in the interior o   Rivers were navigable o   Seas linked Africa and Asia and Middle East ·      John Green Video on African Trade o   Diverse o   Islam spread along trade routes o   Ideas and religions spread through trade ·      Mansa Musa o   1300s Islamic King ruling what is now Mali o   -Economic power was shown when he went to pilgrimage to Mecca §  Gave away much of his riches §  Disrupted economy in Alexandria (Egypt) o   Merchants of Venice say him and reported back to Italy that there was much gold in Africa everywhere (which is not true) o   Presence gave idea that he was a rich and complex ruler which broke the belief that Africa was poor o   Controlled large area of city Timbuktu (Mali) o   Went on pilgrimage to Mecca Renaissance ·      Northern Europe vs. Italian Renaissance o   It was logical that the Renaissance was in Italy—that is where the Roman Empire was §  Had all the visual reminders of Roman grandeur—architecture, statues, coins o   Florence came to symbolize the energy of the Renaissance more than any other city o   Differed from other countries because its cities survived during the Middle Ages ·      Humanism o   Not a rigorous philosophical system o   Is an attitude about learning and life ·           Petrarch, Erasmus, More o   Petrarch §  Early Florentine Renaissance Humanist; in churches assembled Greek Roman manuscripts §  Cicero, Homer, Virgil o   Erasmus §  Dutch Priest and humanist §  Church reform and fro bible translation into vernacular, language of ordinary people-people should be open minded /good willed o   Thomas Moore §  Humanist friend of Erasmus §  Pressed social reform §  Wrote utopia- ideal society ·      Element of the Renaissance o   Classicism §  -Emphasis on Latin and Greek writers o   Individualism §  -Concept of individual achievement o   Secularism §  -Objects and people are important ú  *God had created a world of beauty that can be enjoyed ·      School of Athens- progressive revelation o   Painting by Raphael o   Main people- Pluto and Aristotle o   Shows different people from different eras in history working together ·      Printing Revolution o   Johann Gutenberg made 1st printing press o   Printed books- cheaper, easy to produce o   Books readily available more people could read o   Readers gain access to broad range of knowledge and ideas ·      Ideal man and woman o   Man §  Talented in many fields §  Leonardo Di Vinci was a “renaissance man” o   Woman §  Balanced out the man §  Only had good attributes §  Soft spoken Protestant Reformation ·       Counter Reformation o   Pope Paul III led reform movement to revive Church moral authority and roll back Protestant tide o   St. Ignatius: §  Founded Society of Jesus §  Combat heresy spread faith §  Strict program §  Taught humanist and catholic beliefs §  Obedience to the pope o   Theresa of Avila §  Set up own strict order of nuns §  Mystical writing §  Reorganized convent/monasteries o   Widespread Persecution §  Catholics and Protestants intolerant-kill each other §  Witchhunts §  Jews forced into ghettos-expelled from Christian lands books and synagogues burnt §  Inquisition §  Luther expels Jews o   Martin Luther §  Teachings- salvation achieved through faith alone ú  The bible is the sole source of religious truth ú  All Christians have equal faith §  Ideas spread quickly in northern Germany and Scandinavia ú  Many saw his reforms as a answer ú  Princes hoped to over throw church ú  Germany had national loyalty ú  Peasants hoped that he would support social and economic change §  95 theses ú  Distributed through out Europe o   Peace of Augsburg §  King failed to force Lutherans back into the church- the finally reached a agreement §  Princes were able to choose a religion and there area would follow that religion o   English Reformation §  King Henry VII- ú  Wanted to end papal control- political reasons ú  Pope refused to annul his marriage- he took English church o   The so-called media campaign to spread the Protestant message §  Pictures and Hymns ú  Popes-devil §  Portrayed the falling of the church- idea they had no authority o   UFHOD §  Doc 3. Luther, A almighty Fortress Is ú  Hymn ú  Still used today-protestant churches ú  Singing is a effective way to teach a congregation §  Doc 6. Matthias Gerung, 1546 ú  Heaven and hell image ú  Christ decides who stays and goes ú  Devils wear pope related clothing ú  Devil drags people to hell §  Doc 9. Lucas Cranach ú  German artist ·      People crap into the popes hat thing ·      Against papacy at Rome created by the devil §  Doc 10. German Pamphlet ú  Common for reformation materials ú  One man is using biblical quotes to talk about the pope as antichrist ú  Tone: serious- gossip Timeline ·      Code of Hammerabi-1790 BC ·      Punic Wars- 264-241 BC ·      Beginning of the Phlanax-670 BC ·      Fall of Rome-476 AD ·      Magna Carta-1215 AD ·      Arrival of Plague in Europe-1347 AD ·      Pope Urban’s Speech-1095 AD ·      Beginning of Gupta Empire-320 AD ·      Gutenberg’s Printing Press-1456 AD ·      Beginning of Tang dynasty-618 AD ·      Shi Huangdi comes to power-221 AD ·      Sonni Ali comes to power-1464 AD ·      Marco Polo visits China-1271 AD ·      Bantu people migrate into Botswana and South Africa-1000 BC ·      New Kingdom in Egypt-1550 AD ·      Mansa Musa comes to power- 1312 AD

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