Test
2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (Module 2)
Preguntas del test (89)
1What is a low level of arterial oxygen termed?
- Ahypocapnia
- Bhypoxaemia
- Cnormoxia
- Dhypoxia
2Central cyanosis:
- Ais due to the formation of excess oxyhaemoglobin
- Bdescribes bluing colouration in the lips and linings of the mouth
- Cis a consequence of cyanide poisoning
- Dall answers are correct
3Blood is considered to be acidotic as soon as:
- Ablood pH remains at 7.4, but signs of acidosis are otherwise evident
- Bblood pH rises above 7.4
- Cblood pH falls below 7.0
- Dblood pH falls below 7.35
4Orthopnoea is:
- Anoisy breathing with stridor or rhonchi.
- Bdifficulty breathing when lying down.
- Cwaking up suddenly, coughing, and struggling for breath.
- Dvery deep, rapid respirations.
5Digital clubbing is a sign of:
- Achronic hypocapnia
- Bchronic hyperoxia
- Cchronic hypoxia
- Dchronic hypercapnia
6A 65-year-old female with emphysema presents to the ED for difficulty breathing. Physical exam reveals bluish skin and mucous membranes. This condition is referred to as:
- Ahaemoptysis
- Bhypothermia
- Ccyanosis
- Dhaematemesis
7A 10-year-old female develops pneumonia following a urinary tract infection. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions. She reports that breathing is difficult and she feels she cannot get enough air. This condition is referred to as:
- Ahyperpnoea
- Bdyspnoea
- Corthopnoea
- Dcyanosis
8Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood is called:
- Ahypoxaemia
- Bischaemia
- Chypoxia
- Dhypocapnia
9Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea generally occurs with:
- Aleft ventricular failure
- Bhypertension
- Cpulmonary fibrosis
- Dasthma
10A 30-year-old male is experiencing respiratory failure. Which of the following lab values would be expected?
- Alow Pa O2
- Bnormal blood pH
- Clow PaCO2
- Delectrolyte imbalances
11A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. Which of the following symptoms is most likely present?
- Arespiratory stridor and barking cough
- Bhaemoptysis and mucus production
- Chigh fever and dry cough
- Ddrooling and snoring
12A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. The organism that caused this condition is a:
- Afungus
- Bbacterium
- Cparasite
- Dvirus
13A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. The most likely cause of this disease is:
- Aacute hyperventilation
- Bbacterial infection
- Cviral infection
- Dallergy
14A 6-month-old female presents with rhinorrhoea, cough, poor feeding, lethargy and fever. She is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Which of the following is most likely causing her condition?
- Aparainfluenza virus
- Brespiratory syncytial virus
- Cgroup A beta-haemolytic streptococcus
- Dhaemophilus B influenzae
15This condition is an inflammatory response with extensive mucus production and submucosal oedema, resulting in widespread obstruction of bronchioles. It is of particular concern when present in infants.
- Abronchiolitis
- Btonsillitis
- Chistoplasmosis
- Dpneumonia
16Pneumonia is caused by:
- Achronic lung changes seen with ageing
- Batelectasis
- Cviral or bacterial infections
- Duse of anaesthetic agents in surgery
17What disease of the lungs is a contagious, airborne bacterial infection that causes fibrotic, calcified lesions that are visible on an X-ray?
- Alegionellosis
- Btuberculosis
- Cdiphtheria
- Dlobar pneumonia
18This condition involves inflammation of the larynx, trachea and bronchi; is also known as laryngotracheobronchitis; involves copious mucus secretion; has a distinctive barking cough; and is potentially dangerous in infants.
- Arhinitis
- Blaryngeal pneumonia
- Ccroup
- Dpertussis
19A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with lung cancer. He was previously exposed to air pollution, asbestos and radiation at his job. Which of the following most likely had the greatest impact on development of his cancer?
- Aradiation
- Bcigarette smoke
- Casbestos
- Dair pollution
20Which type of lung cancer is most commonly associated with a history of smoking?
- Asmall cell carcinoma
- Bsquamous cell carcinoma
- Cmesothelioma
- Dadenocarcinoma
21Clinical manifestations of acute sinusitis usually include:
- Abad breath and sore throat
- Bcopious frothy sputum and dyspnoea
- Csevere localized pain in the facial bone and tenderness in the face
- Dserous nasal discharge and chronic cough
22What are typical signs and symptoms of epiglottitis?
- ASudden fever, sore throat, and drooling saliva
- BHyperinflation of the chest and stridor
- CHoarse voice and barking cough
- DSneezing, mild cough, and fever
23A nurse is providing care for an older, previously healthy adult male has been diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia. Which of the following signs and symptoms is the nurse most likely to encounter?
- AThe patient will lack lung consolidation and will have little sputum production.
- BHigh fever and chills, productive cough, crackles progressing to absence of breath sounds in affected lobes.
- CCopious bloody sputum and diffuse chest pain and may lose his cough reflex.
- DHypotensive and afebrile and may manifest cognitive changes.
24What would be the most effective compensation for chronic respiratory acidosis?
- AThe kidneys reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
- BThe kidneys producing more lactic acid
- CThe kidneys eliminating more bicarbonate ions
- DThe kidneys producing more bicarbonate ions
25Which patient is most likely to have abnormalities in breathing regulation?
- AA 23-year-old male who has an injury to his frontal lobe following a sports injury
- BA 66-year-old male with temporal lobe infarcts secondary to a stroke
- CA 34-year-old male with damage to his upper and lower pons following a blow to the back of the head
- DA 45-year-old female with a spinal cord injury at C7 following a motor vehicle accident
26The production of yellowish-green, cloudy, thick sputum is often an indication of:
- Adamage of lung tissue due to smoking
- Bemphysema
- Cbacterial infection
- Dcancer tumour
27A 50-year-old male with diabetes did not take his medication and is now in metabolic acidosis. He is experiencing Kussmaul respirations that can be characterised by:
- Avery slow inhalations and rapid expirations.
- Brapid respirations with periods of apnoea.
- Can increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes and no expiratory pause.
- Daudible wheezing or stridor.
28Which of the following describes lobar pneumonia?
- AOpportunistic bacteria causing low-grade fever with cough and thick greenish sputum
- BViral infection causing nonproductive cough and pleuritic pain
- CInsidious onset, diffuse interstitial infection
- DSudden onset of fever and chills, with rales and rusty sputum
29What are early signs and symptoms of infectious rhinitis?
- ACopious purulent sputum, particularly in the morning.
- BSerous nasal discharge, congestion, and sneezing.
- CHarsh barking cough and wheezing.
- DPurulent nasal discharge and periorbital pain.
30Anxiety-provoked hyperventilation will:
- Aincrease PCO2 quite markedly, and increase PO2 to a similar extent
- Bdecrease PCO2 quite markedly, and increase PO2 to small extent
- Cincrease PO2 significantly, and increase PCO2 slightly
- Dwill not affect PCO2 but will increase PO2 significantly
31A 20-year-old male is in acute pain. An arterial blood gas reveals decreased carbon dioxide levels. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
- Ahypoventilation
- Bhyperventilation
- Cpain neurons producing bicarbonate buffer
- Dapnoea
32Changes in PCO2 tend to affect the pH of blood.
- AFalse, blood pH is largely unaffected by PCO2.
- BTrue, and decreases in PCO2 tend to decrease pH.
- CTrue, and increases in PCO2 tend to decrease blood pH.
- DTrue, and increases in PCO2 tend to increase pH.
33Obstruction in the upper airway is usually indicated by:
- Arales
- Bwheezing
- Cstridor
- Dorthopnoea
34A 28-year-old male complains to his GP that he has had a cold for a week and is coughing up bloody secretions. This condition is referred to as:
- Ahaematemesis.
- Bhaemoptysis.
- Ccyanosis.
- Drhinitis.
35How does severe hypoxia develop with pneumonia?
- AOxygen diffusion is impaired by the congestion
- BAcidosis depresses respirations
- CToo painful to breath
- DInflammatory exudate absorbs oxygen from the alveolar air
36A 20-year-old male presents to his GP complaining of shortness of breath when lying down. This condition is referred to as:
- Adyspnoea on exertion.
- Borthostatic tachypnoea.
- Corthopnoea.
- Dsleep apnoea.
37A pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital is considered
- Ahospital-acquired pneumonia.
- Bhealth care–associated.
- Cviral pneumonia.
- Dcommunity-acquired pneumonia.
38What would hypercapnia cause?
- ARespiratory acidosis
- BDecreased respirations
- CDecreased carbonic acid in the blood
- DIncreased blood Ph
39Light bubbly or crackling breathing sounds associated with serous secretions are called:
- Arhonchi
- Bwheezing
- Crales
- Dstridor
40The extrinsic form of asthma is characterised by:
- Athe release of chemical mediators from immune cells in lung tissue
- Ban autonomic nervous system imbalance
- Cthe dominance of the parasympathetic stimulation of the airways
- Da tendency to develop in older individuals
41Which one of the following antiasthma agents acts directly on intracellular cAMP levels?
- AMethylxanthines
- Bβ agonists
- CLeukotriene receptor antagonists
- DMuscarinic antagonists
42A 13-year-old female is diagnosed with asthma. Which of the following should she recognise as part of an asthmatic attack?
- Abradycardia
- Bheadache
- Cchest pain
- Dwheezing
43Asthma is thought to be caused by:
- Aan autosomal recessive trait.
- Bexcessive use of antibiotics as a young child.
- Cinteractions between genetic and environmental factors.
- Dautoimmunity.
44In asthma, _____ is (are) reduced.
- Adead space
- Bexpiratory flow rates
- Clung volumes
- Dair trapping
45A 52-year-old female presents with chronic bronchitis. Tests reveal closure of the airway during expiration. This condition is most likely caused by:
- Athinning smooth muscle in the bronchioles
- Bhyperventilation
- Cventilation-perfusion mismatch
- Dthick mucus from hypertrophied glands
46Individuals with a recent diagnosis of emphysema most often present with:
- Adyspnoea
- Bcyanosis
- Ccor pulmonale
- Da productive cough
47A 53-year-old male with a 20-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. His airways are obstructed because of:
- Ainfection and inflammation
- Bairway oedema
- Cexcessive mucous production
- Dloss of elastic recoil
48A 60-year-old female with emphysema is having difficulty expiring a given volume of air. She is most likely experiencing _____ pulmonary disease.
- Arestrictive
- Bpleuritic
- Catelectatic
- Dobstructive
49A 45-year-old male presents with chronic bronchitis of 5 months’ duration. Which of the following is most likely to cause this condition?
- Acigarette smoke
- Bchronic asthma
- Cair pollution
- Drecurrent pneumonia
50Which of the following activities does NOT require muscle contractions and energy?
- AForced expiration
- BQuiet expiration
- CQuiet inspiration
- DForced inspiration
51Which of the following causes bronchodilation?
- ADrugs that block b2-adrenergic receptors
- BNoradrenaline
- CHistamine
- DParasympathetic nervous system
52What is the pathophysiology of an acute attack of extrinsic asthma?
- AHyporesponsive mucosa
- BContinuous severe attacks unresponsive to medication
- CA hypersensitivity reaction involving release of chemical mediators
- DGradual degeneration and fibrosis
53Which of the following is typical of progressive emphysema?
- ATidal volume increases.
- BForced expiratory volume increases.
- CResidual lung volume increases.
- DVital capacity increases.
54Cystic fibrosis is transmitted as a/an:
- Achromosomal defect.
- BX-linked recessive gene.
- Cautosomal dominant gene.
- Dautosomal recessive gene.
55Infant respiratory distress syndrome is initiated by:
- Aexcessive production of mucus and elastic tissue
- Binsufficient production of mucus and elastic tissue
- Cexcessive production of surfactant
- Dinsufficient production of surfactant
56An iatrogenic cause of pulmonary oedema is:
- Aleft sided heart failure
- Btrauma resulting in pulmonary bleeding
- Cincorrect insertion of nasogastric feeding tube
- Dkidney failure
57The term atelectasis describes:
- Afibrotic restriction on lung expansion
- Bover inflation of the lungs
- Cdilation of bronchi, but not of alveoli
- Dpartial or complete collapse of a lung
58These inhaled particles are not able to be removal via phagocytosis, an are able to penetrate the alveolar wall. Prolonged exposure may lead to mesothelioma.
- Aasbestos fibres
- Bcoal dust particles
- Csilicate particles
- Dall answers are correct
59Restrictive lung disorders may be divided into two groups based on:
- Apatient history of obesity and exposure to other COPD.
- Bprevious lung disease and cardiovascular disorders.
- Canatomical abnormality and lung disease damage, impairing expansion.
- Dsmoking history and congenital defects.
60Which of the following is a manifestation of a simple closed pneumothorax?
- AAsymmetrical chest movements
- BTracheal deviation toward the unaffected lung
- CIncreased breath sounds on the affected side
- DDecreased respiratory rate
61What is caused by frequent inhalation of irritating particles such as silica?
- AFrequent bronchospasm
- BFibrosis and loss of compliance
- CDistorted shape of the thorax
- DIncreased number of mucus-producing glands
62Pulmonary oedema causes severe hypoxia because of:
- Ainterference with expansion of the lungs
- Bdecreased diffusion of carbon dioxide from the alveoli
- Cdecreased recoil of lungs and ineffective expiration
- Dconstant cough and haemoptysis
63A COPD patient asks what medications are prescribed to help his breathing.
- AAtenolol, a beta-blocker
- BSalbutemol, a bronchodilator
- CAlprazolam, a benzodiazepine
- DSildenafil, a vasodilator
64Which of the following residents of a long-term care facility is most likely to be exhibiting the signs and symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- AAn 81-year-old male who has a productive cough and recurrent respiratory infections
- BA 79-year-old lifetime smoker who is complaining of shortness of breath and pain on deep inspiration
- CAn 81-year-old smoker who has increased exercise intolerance, a fever, and increased white blood cells
- DAn 88-year-old female who experiences acute shortness of breath and airway constriction when exposed to tobacco smoke
65The primary pathophysiological problem faced by sufferers of emphysema is:
- Abronchoconstriction
- Black of expiratory recoil
- Cinability to draw sufficient air into the upper airways
- Docclusion due to excessive mucus production
66Which of the following should not be applied, or advised, to someone suffering chronic bronchitis?
- Akeep well hydrated
- Bcough suppressant
- Cbronchodilator
- Dmucolytic agents
67A patient is in an urgent care center with an acute asthma attack, which medication will be used for initial treatment?
- AAn anticholinergic such as ipratropium
- BA short-acting beta2 agonist
- CA corticosteroid
- DA long-acting beta2 agonist
68A group of common chronic respiratory disorders characterized by tissue degeneration and respiratory obstruction is called:
- AMesothelioma
- BCOPD
- CCF
- DPulmonary fibrosis
69All of the following are expected with infant respiratory distress syndrome EXCEPT:
- Afluid and protein in the alveoli
- Bpulmonary vasoconstriction
- Csevere hypoxia
- Drespiratory alkalosis
70________ describes any parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of inorganic dusts.
- APneumonia
- BInfant Respiratory Distress syndrome
- CPneumoconiosis
- DHypersensitive pneumonitis
71Which of the following clinical findings would be most closely associated with a client who has interstitial lung disease in comparison to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- AIncreased FVC
- BReduced FEV1/FVC
- CDecreased total lung capacity
- DReduced expiratory flow rates
72Transudative pleural effusion arises because of:
- Aconstriction of bronchial airways
- Bdecreased levels of proteins in blood
- Cdecreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- Dall answers are correct
73Cystic fibrosis, as manifested in the lungs, is characterised by:
- Ahyperplasia of smooth muscle cells
- Bpresence of abnormally viscous mucus
- Can abnormal fibrotic response
- Dproduction of copious watery mucus
74Which of the following is NOT a cause of pulmonary oedema?
- AHyperproteinemia
- BLeft-sided congestive heart failure
- CInhalation of toxic gases
- DExcessive blood volume (overload)
75Which statement does NOT apply to emphysema?
- AThe surface area available for gas exchange is greatly reduced.
- BA genetic defect may lead to breakdown of elastic fibers.
- CExpiration is impaired.
- DThe ventilation/perfusion ratio remains constant.
76During an acute asthma attack, how does respiratory obstruction occur?
1. Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
2. Edema of the mucosa
3. Increased secretion of thick, tenacious mucus
4. Contraction of elastic fibers- A1, 2
- B1, 3
- C2, 3
- D2, 4
77Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is associated with:
- Aasthma
- Bemphysema
- Ccystic fibrosis
- Dchronic bronchitis
78Why does asthma result in fluid accumulation in the pulmonary interstitium?
- Abecause of pulmonary artery hypotension.
- Bbecause of increased capillary permeability.
- Cbecause of increased, internal mucous secretion.
- DNone of the above; fluid may accumulate within the lumen of the airways, but it does not accumulate in the lung interstitium.
79A patient is admitted for a relapse for sarcoidosis. Knowing this is usually caused by an inflammatory process, the nurse can anticipate administering.
- Aa corticosteroid.
- Ban salmeterol inhaler.
- Caspirin.
- Da bronchodilator.
80Which of the following statements best captures the etiology of the acute response phase of extrinsic (atopic) asthma?
- AChemical mediators are released from presensitized mast cells.
- BIgG production is heightened as a consequence of exposure to an allergen.
- CEpithelial injury and edema occur along with changes in mucociliary function.
- DAirway remodeling results in airflow limitations.
81What is the cause of chronic bronchitis?
- ADeficit of enzymes, preventing tissue degeneration.
- BHypersensitivity to parasympathetic stimulation in the bronchi.
- CChronic irritation, inflammation, and recurrent infection of the larger airways.
- DA genetic defect causing excessive production of mucus.
82Destruction of alveolar walls and septae is a typical change in:
- Acystic fibrosis.
- Bemphysema.
- Cacute asthma.
- Dchronic bronchitis.
83With a tension pneumothorax, which factors contribute to severe hypoxia?
- AMore air leaving the pleural cavity on expiration than entering with inspiration.
- BShift of the mediastinal contents toward the affected lung.
- CDecreasing compression of the inferior vena cava.
- DContinually increasing pressure on the unaffected lung.
84Hypertrophy of goblet cells, decreased activity of the mucociliary escalator, and cor pulmonale, are most likely to occur in:
- Aacute bronchitis
- Bchronic bronchitis
- Casthma
- Dearly stage emphysema
85Why does cor pulmonale develop with chronic pulmonary disease?
- ADemands on the left ventricle are excessive.
- BPulmonary fibrosis and vasoconstriction increase vascular resistance.
- CBlood viscosity is increased, adding to cardiac workload.
- DThe right ventricle pumps more blood than the left ventricle.
86Loss of interstitial elasticity in the lungs is a hallmark of:
- Aemphysema
- Bchronic bronchitis
- Casthma
- Dall of the above
87Which of the following is typical of chronic bronchitis?
- ADecreased activity of the mucous glands
- BOverinflation of bronchioles
- CAir trapping by excessive mucus plugs
- DFormation of blebs or bullae on the lung surface
88A physician is providing care for a child who has a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). Place the following pathphysiological events of CF in chronological order.
1) Airway obstruction
2) Recurrent pulmonary infections
3) Impaired Cl transport
4) Decreased water content of mucociliary blanket
5) Increased Na+ absorption- A1,4,3,5,2
- B5,3,4,1,2
- C3,5,4,1,2
- D3,4,5,1,2
89What causes the expanded anteroposterior (A-P) thoracic diameter (barrel chest) in patients with emphysema?
- ADilated bronchi and increased mucous secretions
- BRecurrent damage to lung tissues
- CAir trapping and hyperinflation
- DPersistent coughing to remove mucus
Información
- Descripción
- Module 2 EOT Exam Revision
- Autor
- Kathleen Jackson
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 1.050
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
- Aún sin valoraciones Valora este test