Test
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalance
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Preguntas del test (82)
1which are forces that favour filtration?
- Acapillary hydrostatic pressure
- Bcapillary oncotic pressure
- Cinterstitial hydostatic pressure
- Dinterstitial oncotic pressure
2Which are forces that oppose filtration?
- Acapillary oncotic pressure
- Bcapillary hydrostatic pressure
- Cinterstitial oncotic pressure
- Dinterstitial hydrostatic pressure
3Which are causes for edema
- Aincreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- Bdecreased plasma oncotic pressure
- Cincreased capillary membrane permeability
- Dlympathic obstruction
- Etoo much candy
4Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s
- AHigh body surface–to–body size ratio
- BSlow metabolic rate
- CKidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
- DInability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty
5Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
- AAdipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
- BThe metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
- CThe rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than the rate of output of lean
adults - DThe thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively
6A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH, 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L;
carbon dioxide (CO2), 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?- ARespiratory alkalosis
- BMetabolic acidosis
- CRespiratory acidosis
- DMetabolic alkalosis
7Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid
(ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:- AOsmotic forces
- BPlasma oncotic pressure
- CAntidiuretic hormone
- DHydrostatic forces
8In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma
and interstitial fluid spaces?- AOncotic pressure
- BBuffering
- CHydrostatic pressure
9Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
- ACapillary hydrostatic
- BInterstitial hydrostatic
- CCapillary oncotic
- DInterstitial oncotic
10As edema accumulates it gets trapped in...
- Aa second space
- Ba third space
11Sodium accounts for 90% of the ...... cations (positively charged ions)
- AICF
- BECF
12potassium is a major cation of ......
- AICF
- BECF
13what is the minimal daily requirement of sodium?
- A200 mg
- B600 mg
- C500 mg
14what are the two major functions of Angiotensin 2?
- Avasoconstriction (which elevates blood pressure)
- Bstimulates the secretion of aldosterone
- Cit prevents sodium from leaving the cell
15ANP and BNP increase sodium and water excretion by the kidneys this
- Aincreases blood volume and blood pressure
- Bdecreases blood volume and blood pressure
16ADH ________ the permeability of renal tubular cells to water which ______ water reabsorption and promotes the restoration of plasma volume and blood pressure.
- Aincreases, increases
- Bdecreases, increases
17The term isotonic refers to a solution that has the _______ concentration of solutes as plasma
- Amore
- Bless
- Cthe same
18Isotonic fluid loss results in in....
- Ahypervolemia
- Bhypovolemia
19Excess isotonic fluids results in...
- Ahypovolemia
- Bhypervolemia
20Hypertonic fluid alterations occur when osmolality of the ECF is ______above normal. The most common causes are an increased concentration of ECF.....
- Aelevated, sodium (hypernatrium)
- Belevated potassium (hyperkalemia)
21Hypernatremia occurs when serum sodium levels exceed_______. And can be caused by a ______ of water or _____in sodium
- A147 mEq/L, Loss of water or gain in sodium
- B127 mEq/L, loss of water or gain in sodium,
22intracellular fluid contains a greater proportion of total body water than does extracellular fluid
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
23All the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ECF, not in the ICF
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
24no receptors directly monitor fluid or electrolyte balance
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
25diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
26Osmosis is the movement of water between two compartments by a membrane permeable to water but not to solute. Moves form LOW solute to HIGH solute concentration and requires no energy
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
27What is osmotic pressure?
- AThe amount of pressure required to move water
- Bthe amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water
28Hydrostatic pressure is
- Athe major force that pushes water out of the vascular system at the capillary level
- Bthe force of water being moved
29Oncotic pressure
- Aosmotic pressure is pressure exerted by colloids in solution
- Bthe pressure of cancer
30Causes of edema
- Aplasma to interstitial fluid shift
- Bincreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- Cdecreased plasma oncotic pressure
- Dincreased capillary permeability
- Elymph obstruction
- Fsodium retention
31What is the pathophysiology of third spacing?
- AA massive inflammatory response leads to the release of histamine and bradykinin which increases capillary permeability and with hydrostatic pressure fluid leaks into the interstitium
- BAny process that results in decreased protein intake, production, storage, or increased protein loss decreases the colloid osmotic pressure which prevents fluid from being pulled back into the vessels and leads to fluid accumulating in the interstitium.
32Signs and symptoms of thirdspacing
- Adecreased urine output despite adequate intake
- Bincreased HR
- CDecreased BP
- DIncreased weight
- EEdema, acites
- FIncreased ADH
33Why are infants more predisposed to serious, rapid fluid volume deficits?
- Alimited ability to concentrate urine
- Bgreater ratio of surface area to volume
- Chigher metabolic rate
34S/S of Hypervolemia:
- Acyanosis
- Brapid breathing
- Cweight gain
- Dedema including cerbral edema
- Erapid bouding pulse
35What is the reference range for Sodium in Adults?
- A125-135 mEq/L
- B135-145 mEq/L
36hypernatremia is caused by :
- Awater loss or sodium gain
- Bwater gain or sodium loss
37How to treat Hypernatremia
- Adiurectics
- Biv 5% dextrose in water or hypotonic saline
38HYPOnatremia results form
- Alost of sodium containing fluids or water excess
- Bcritical value is <120 mEq/L
39Potassium is
- Aa major ICF cation
- Bnecessary for transmission and conduction of nerve and muscle impluses
- Ccellular growth
- Dmaintenance of cardiac rhythms
- EAcid-base balance
40what facilitates potassium into the cells:
- Asodium
- Binsulin
- Caldosterone
- Depinephrine
- Ealkalosis
41Calcium balance is controlled by
- Aparathyroid hormone
- Bcalcitonin
- Cvitamin D
- DIron
42A person with chronic heart failure has edema in the lower legs and sacral area. The nurse practitioner suspects this is due to a(n):
- Aincrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure;
- BDecrease in lymph obstruction pressure
- CDecrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure
43Secretion of ADH and the perception of thirst are stimulated by
- Aan increase in plasma osmolality
- Ba decrease in plasma osmolaity
44The nurse monitors the fluid and electrolyte status of the older adult with the knowledge that impairment of the thirst mechanism may lead to
- Ahypernatremia
- BHyponatremia
45Intravenous potassium chloride is ordered for treatment of a patient with hypokalemia. In administering the potassium solution, the nurse is aware that
- Ato prevent cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, the maximum amount of KCl to be administered in 1 hour is 10 mEq
- Bto prevent cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, the maximum amount of KCl to be administered in 1 hour is 20 mEq
46A patient who has required prolonged mechanical ventilation has the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.48, PO2 85 mm Hg, PCO2 32 mm Hg, and HCO3 25 mEq/L. The nurse interprets these results as
- Arespiratory alkalosis
- Brespiratory acidosis
- Cnormal
47The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
- ADiarrhea
- B
Calcium based kidney stones - CECG showing narrow T waves
- DLethargy
- EBradycardia
48The electrolyte imbalance hypokalemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
- AParalytic ileus
- BSinus bradycardia
- CAtrioventricular block
- DDry mucous membranes
- ETetany
49A third of the body’s fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include
- AUrine
- BIntraocular fluids
- CLymph
- DBlood plasma
- ESweat
50An imbalance of potassium can produce which dysfunctions?
- AWeakness skeletal muscles
- B
Cardiac dysrhythmias - CSmooth muscle atony
- DVisual impairment
- EHearing loss
51Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are true?
- ADuring childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight.
- BGender has no influence on TBW until old age.
- CMen tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass.
- DEstrogen plays a role in female TBW.
- EOlder adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass.
52Sodium Regulates osmolality in the extracellular fluid (ECF) space.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
53Chloride Is inversely related to HCO3 concentration.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
54Potassium Is a major determinant of resting membrane potential.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
55Phosphate An intracellular metabolic form is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
56Potassium Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect this electrolyte
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
57At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the
- AInterstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
- BCapillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
- CInterstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
- DCapillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
58Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?
- ACapillary hydrostatic
- BInterstitial hydrostatic
- CPlasma oncotic
- DInterstitial oncotic
- ACapillary hydrostatic
59Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n
- ADecrease in serum sodium
- BIncrease in plasma osmolality
- CIncrease in glomerular filtration rate
- DDecrease in osmoreceptor stimulation
- ADecrease in serum sodium
60Thirst activates osmoreceptors by an increase in which blood plasma?
- AAntidiuretic hormone
- BAldosterone
- CHydrostatic pressure
- DOsmotic pressure
61It is true that natriuretic peptides:
- ADecrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion
- BIncrease blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion
- CIncrease heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
62Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?
- AAngiotensin I
- BAngiotensin II
- CAldosterone
- DRenin
63What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?
- ASyndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
- BHypersecretion of aldosterone
- CBrief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
- DExcessive diuretic therapy
64What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
- AHigh sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
- BHigh sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell.
65Vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis, resulting in the loss of chloride, causes:
- ARetained sodium to bind with the chloride
- BHydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance
- CRetention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
- DHypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis
66The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
- ASodium depletion
- BDecreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- CLymphatic obstruction
67Insulin is used to treat hyperkalemia because it:
- AStimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium.
- BBinds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
- CTransports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose.
- DBreaks down the chemical components of potassium, causing it to be no longer effective.
68A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between
- AIntracellular and extracellular Na+
Intracellular Na+ and extra - BIntracellular and extracellular K+
Intracellular K+ and extracel
- AIntracellular and extracellular Na+
69During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
- AOxygen
- BSodium
- CPotassium
- DMagnesium
70Causes of hyperkalemia include:
- AHyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
- BVomiting and diarrhea
- CRenal failure and Addison disease
71The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances?
- AParathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin D
- BParathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
72It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate:
- AAnxiety is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
- BA compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosi
- CDiabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis
73Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
- AHypokalemia
- BHyperkalemia
- CHYPOCalcemia
- DHypercalcemia
74An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids can result in:
- AHypophosphatemia
- BHypomagnesemia
75The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is:
- ARenal failure
- BPancreatitis
76Two thirds of the body’s water is found in its:
- AIntracellular fluid compartments
- BInterstitial fluid spaces
77Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of:
- ASodium and water retention
- BLosses or diminished production of plasma albumin
78The existence of hyperkalemia is likely to result in which changes to a person’s electrocardiogram (ECG)?
- AFlattened U waves
- BPeaked T waves
- CDepressed ST segments
79Causes of hypocalcemia include:
- ARepeated blood administration
- BPancreatitis
- ARepeated blood administration
80The electrolyte imbalance called hyponatremia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
- AHeadache
- BSeizures
- CParanoia
- DConfusion
- ELethargy
81The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
- ADiarrhea
- BCalcium based kidney stones
- CECG showing narrow T waves
- DLethargy
- EBradycardia
- ADiarrhea
82What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
- AClotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged bleeding
- BOsmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to the
interstitium
Información
- Descripción
- Test sobre Fluid and Electrolyte imbalance, creado por asissons el 21/03/2015.
- Autor
- asissons
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 57
- Valoración
- Aún sin valoraciones Valora este test