Test
Audition
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Preguntas del test (44)
1What is true about characteristics of sound waves?
- AAlternate phases of compression and decompression of molecules of the medium
- BAlternate phases of compression and decompression in vacuum
- CSound waves are associated with pressure changes called sound pressure.
- DPressure waves are longitudinal vibrations of molecules of the medium
2What is a correct match between Velocity and sound in air?
- A335 m/s in air - 0°C at sea level
- B44 m/s in air - 20°C at sea level
- C297 m/s in air - 0°C at sea level ,
- D1450 m/s in water - 20°C at sea level.
3What is a correct match between Velocity and sound in water?
- A335 m/s in water - 0°C at sea level
- B1450 m/s in water - 20°C at sea level
- C344 m/s in air - 20°C at sea level
- D1250 m/s in water - 20°C at sea level
4Sound waves; choose correct
- AThe crests of these waves are areas of high density, called compressions.
- BThe troughs are called rarefactions.
- CThe troughs are called compression.
- DSounds are waves of air molecules.
5Sound wave properties; choose correct
- AAmplitude determines Pitch
- BAmplitude determines Loudness
- CFrequency determines Loudness
- DFrequency determines Pitch
6Frequency of sound; choose correct
- AFrequency is the rate at which the source produces sound waves
- BLow pitched or bass sounds have low frequencies.
- CHigh-pitched or treble sounds have low frequencies.
- DA healthy, young person can hear sounds with frequencies from 20 to 20,000 Hz.
7Frequency of sound; choose correct
- AThe ability to hear high pitch sounds (high frequencies) increases with age –
this condition is called presbycusis. - BThe ability to hear high pitch sounds (high frequencies) declines with age – this condition is called presbycusis.
- CMale hearing range decreases more quickly than the female.
- DThe sound of human speech is mainly in the range 300 to 3,000 Hz.
- AThe ability to hear high pitch sounds (high frequencies) increases with age –
8Loudness of sound; choose correct
- AThis very wide range of values is converted into a logarithmic scale of decibels range of 0 dB to 300 dB.
- BThis very wide range of values is converted into a logarithmic scale of decibels range of 0 dB to 140 dB.
- CSound waves are silent if their compressions are dense.
- DThe amplitude of the acoustic pressure is measured in pascals (Pa).
9Thresholds of hearing; choose correct
- AThreshold of hearing (10-16 W/m2 = 0 B = 0 dB).
- BLoud conversation (10-12 W/m2 = 4 B = 40 dB).
- COrdinary conversation (10-9 W/m2 = 7 B = 70 dB).
- DThreshold of pain (10-3 W/m2 = 13 B = 130 dB).
10Characteristics of audition; choose correct
- AThe pitch of the average male voice is 120 Hz while of the female voice is 250 Hz.
- BNoise is sound composed of many related frequencies.
- Charmonics is sound composed of many unrelated frequencies.
- DSounds are complex mixtures of pure tones. (accords)
11Sound and anatomy; choose correct
- AThe auditory system is maximally sensitive between 500 – 5,000 Hz
- BThe Frequency response is determined by the functional anatomy of the ear.
- CThe auditory system is maximally sensitive between 200 – 2,000 Hz
- DSound is FELT above 130dB
12What is correct about the external ear?
- AConsists of the tympanic membrane and the external auditory meatus (auditory canal).
- BSound waves travel through the meatus and impinge on the brain.
- CThe Meatus acts as a resonator
- DThe Pinna funnels sound waves into the meatus.
13Characteristics of audition; choose correct
- ABinaural localization relies on the comparison of auditory input from two separate auditory detectors (ears).
- BThe auricle ensures reliable transmission of speech.
- CConvergence and amplification of the sound.
- DLocalization of the source of the high pitch sound is based on assessment of difference of amplitude and time
14Middle ear; choose correct
- ADecompression of the sound pressure.
- BConduction of the sound through the lever system of auditory ossicles.
- CDefensive mechanism of the ear – function of the tympanic reflex.
- DLanguage (foreign) is shifted higher, needs to be louder
15The middle ear; choose correct
- AThe handle of the malleus is attached to the centre of the tympanic membrane
- BThe malleus forms a rigid connection with the incus and they act as a single lever.
- CThe incus forms flexible connection with the malleus.
- DFootplate of stapes moves in and out at the round window
16Attenuation reflex; choose correct
- AContraction - increase sound conduction
- BTensor tympani muscle – pulls the handle of the malleus inward
- CStapedius muscle – pulls the stapes outward
- DLoud sound in high frequencies
- EAdaptation to continuous high intensities sound
- to mask low-frequencies sound in loud environment - FReduce sound by 30dB
17The inner ear; choose correct
- AConsist of vestibule and cochlea
- BHelicoterma – connection between scala tympani and scala vestibuli
- CScala vestibuli – to oval window;
- DScala media has 3 walls; basilar memb, Reissner's memb. and stria vascularis
- EScala tympani – to round window
18The inner ear; choose correct
- AOrgan of corti is placed in cochlear duct
- BPerilymph – scala vestibuli
- CEndolymph – scala tympani
- DPotential gradient across hair cells about 140 mV
19The organ of corti; choose correct
- AIn scala media
- BHair cells and various supporting cells
- CCones and rods
- DThe rods of Corti
20The organ of corti - hair cells; choose correct
- AInner hair cells 3,500 - supplied by myelinated fibers
- BOuter hair cells 3,500 - supplied by myelinated fibers
- COuter hair cells 15,000 - supplied by unmyelinated fibers
- DInner hair cells 15,000 - supplied by unmyelinated fibers
21Organ of corti - Afferent innervation ; choose correct
- AFrom superior olivary nucleus – olivocochlear fibers
- BBipolar neurons from spiral ganglion within the modiolus
- C90% of fibers innervate inner hair cells
- DAxons enter the auditory-vestibular nerve
- EOn afferent fibers that contact the inner
hair cells
22Organ of corti - Efferent innervation ; choose correct
- AFrom superior olivary nucleus – olivocochlear fibers
- BOn afferent fibers that contact the inner
hair cells - CBipolar neurons from spiral ganglion within the modiolus
- DOn outer hair cells
- EHelps to improve frequency discrimination
23Hair cells activation; choose correct
- ADifferent parts of the basilar membrane have the same resonance frequencies.
- BBasilar membrane up – reticular lamina up and toward the modiolus
- CBasilar membrane up – reticular lamina down and away from modiolus
- DTectorial membrane holds the tips of the outer hair cells stereocilia
- EInner hair cells cilia’s are bend by movement of endolymph
24Auditory Pathway - neurons ; choose correct
- ANeurones of the spiral ganglion – to auditory nerve.
- BNeurones of the ventral (and dorsal) cochlear nucleus – to lateral lemniscus.
- CNeurones of the superior colliculi.
- DNeurones of the Inferior olives.
- ENeurones of the medial geniculate body (MGN) of the thalamus to auditory cortex
25Auditory cortex; choose correct
- AArea 41 of Brodmann division in temporal lobe
- BLow frequencies are represented rostrally and laterally,
- CHigh frequencies – caudally and medially
- DHigh frequencies – caudally and laterally
- ESecondary auditory cortex 42, 22, 52 Brodmann’s area
26Hair cells; choose correct
- AHas stereocilia with actin and kinocilia
- BConnect to efferent fibers with glutamine
- CEndolymph is low in K+
- DMechano-sensitive non-selective channels, opened by tip links on hair cells
- EHair cells bending to stereocilia - de -polarize producing sound
27Audition; choose correct
- ASemicircular system and Cochlea use different receptors
- BSemicircular system is responsible for equilibrium
- CCochlea is responsible for sound
- DOlivary nucleus connects to neuron from left and right ear
28Audition; choose correct
- AThe right ear is the 1st to hear sounds
- BThe left ear is the 1st to hear sounds
- CThe right ear has a shorter pathway to the brain
- DThe left ear has a shorter pathway to the brain
29Correct conduction of sound in air, from start (standard pathway)
- AOssicles - Tympanic memb. - Basilar memb. - Perilymph to endolymph - Cochlea
- BTympanic memb. - Ossicles - Basilar memb. - Cochlea - Perilymph to endolymph
- CTympanic memb. - Ossicles - Perilymph to endolymph - Basilar memb. - Cochlea
- DOssicles - Tympanic memb. - Perilymph to endolymph - Cochlea- Basilar memb.
30Correct conduction of sound in bone, from start (amplification)
- AVibration of skull - Perilymph to endolymph - Basilar membrane - Cochlea
- BVibration of skull - Cochlea - Perilymph to endolymph - Basilar membrane
- CVibration of skull - Cochlea - Basilar membrane - Perilymph to endolymph
- DVibration of skull - Basilar membrane - Cochlea - Perilymph to endolymph
31Deafness; choose correct
- ANerve deafness is impairment of the auditory nerve
- BConduction deafness is impairment of structures of the ear that conduct sound to cochlea
- CNerve deafness impairment of structures of the ear that conduct sound to cochlea
- DBone conduction in conduction deafness is normal
32Match audio tests to purpose
Quantitative - Assessment of hearing loss
Qualitative - Type of hearing loss = Conduction deafness, Sensorineural (cochlear, nerve) deafness.- AAcumetry – Quantitative
- BAudiometry - Quantitative and Qualitative
- CTuning fork tests - Qualitative
- DTuning fork tests - Quantitative
- EAcumetry - Qualitative
33Tuning fork tests; Choose correct
- ARinne test - comparison of the patient’s bone conduction to examiner’s bone conduction.
- BRinne test – comparison of the patient’s air (ossicular) conduction of sound to the bone conduction.
- CWeber test - differentiation between conduction and nerve deafness.
- DSchwabach test – comparison of the patient’s bone conduction to examiner’s bone conduction.
34Rinne test - air and bone conduction (tuning fork test); choose correct
- ANormal hearing - (positive rinne) sound is heard twice as long by air conduction as by bone conduction
- BConductive deafness in right ear - (negative rinne) sound is heard longer by bone conduction than by air conduction
- CConductive deafness in right ear - (positive rinne) sound is heard longer by air conduction than by bone conduction
- DPerceptive deafness of right ear - (positive rinne) sound is heard longer by air conduction than by bone conduction
35Weber test - bone conduction (tuning fork test) - choose correct
- AConductive deafness in right ear - Sound lateralizes to the better ear
- BNormal hearing - Sound does not lateralize to either side; heard equally well in both ears.
- CPerceptive deafness of right ear - Sound lateralizes to the better ear
- DConductive deafness in right ear - sound lateralizes to defective ear, few sound are carried through external and middle ear.
36SCHWABACH bone conduction; choose correct
- ALonger - conduction disorder – longer than normal bone conduction
- BIs a method based on comparing bone conduction to a normal subject to the patient
- CShorter - nerve disorder - shorter than normal bone conduction
- DIs a method based on comparing bone conduction to a deaf subject to the patient
37Acumetry (whisper test); choose correct
- AAssessment of the distance of hearing.
- BNormal ear can hear whisper voice from 6m (young humans – even 20 m).
- C1-3m – mild hearing loss.
- D3-6m – moderate hearing loss.
- E< 1m – severe hearing loss.
- F> 6m – normal hearing.
38Vestibular sensation – hair cells; choose correct
- AOtolith organ – signals linear acceleration
- BSemicircular canals – signal rotational acceleration
- CUtricle – signal vertical acceleration
- DSacculus – signal horizontal acceleration
39Vestibular pathways; choose correct
- A3rd neuron - flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum - posture
- BII neuron – here terminate vestibular nerves in: flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum - posture
- CII neuron – here terminate vestibular nerves in: ipsilaterally four-part vestibular nuclei
- D1st neuron – vestibular ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion):
supplies the cristae and macula - E3rd neuron - vestibular ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion):
supplies the cristae and macula
40Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR); choose correct
- AAbducens nucleus - The medial lateral fascicle (mlf) projects from the Vestibulocochlear nucleus to the oculomotor nucleus
- BVestibulocochlear nerve - from the peripheral vestibular sensors to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem (vn)
- CTwo-neuron arc, during a head movement to the right
- DThe oculomotor nucleus - The left lateral rectus muscle (lr) and the right medial rectus muscle (mr) get contracted, turning the eyes to the left.
41Romberg test; choose correct
- AWith the eyes open 3 sensory systems provide input to cerebellum to maintain truncal stability. These are vision, olfaction and vestibular sense.
- BMild lesions in one vestibular or proprioception system cannot be compensated by vision
- CWhen the patient closes their eyes, visual input is removed and instability can be brought out.
- DIn vestibular malfunction direction of falling is direction of slow phase of nystagmus
42Nystagmus; choose correct
- AIs a jerky movement of the eye with slow and quick components.
- BThe direction of nystagmus is identified by the direction of the quick component.
- CThe quick component is initiated by impulses from the labyrinths.
- DThe slow component is triggered by a center of the brainstem.
43Vestibular nystagmus; choose correct
- ASecondary nystagmus is involved with the slow phase in the opposite direction. It continues for 1min.
- BSecondary nystagmus is involved with the rapid phase in the same direction. It continues for 20-30 s.
- CTrigger by angular acceleration, which activate movement of eye opposite direction to head movement.
- DPathology causing vestibular nystagmus can be lesions of brainstem or Menier's disease
44Tests for Nystagmus; choose correct
- AOptokinetic – reflex that maintain visual fixation on stationary point while the body rotates
- BCaloric test - toward the warmer ear
- CCaloric test - post-rotatory nystagmus
- DBarany rotation test - post-rotatory nystagmus
Información
- Descripción
- Based on PUM physiology Audition presentation
- Autor
- Soheila Amri
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 24
- Historial
- Creado el 27 dic 2021 · actualizado el 12 jun 2022
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
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