Test
Physiology Exam 2022 - Cycle 2
Preguntas del test (79)
1Which of the following sentences describe property of fasciculus gracilis ?
- AIt collects sensory input from lower part of the body
- BCollects sensory input from upper part of the body
- CIt conducts impulses collected from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
- DIt conveys touch and vibration sense
- ESecond order neuron is located in medulla oblongata
- FSecond order neuron is located in posterior horn of spinal cord
2Which features are unique for unitary SMC?
- AThey have BER (slow wave rhythm)
- BThey have a plateau phase
- CThey need action potential to initiate electrical activity
- DThey are innervated by many nerve strands
- EThey have gap junctions
3What creates fEPSP in postganglionic sympathetic neurons ?
- AACh through N-cholinergic receptors
- BACh through M-cholinergic receptor
- CGn-RH
- DD2-Receptor
4What is true about nerve fibers of the efferent ANS?
- APreganglinic sympathetic axons are myelinated A fibers
- BPostganglionic parasympathetic axons are unmyelinated C-fiber
- CPreganglionic sympathetic axons are myelinated B-fibers
- DPreganglionic parasympathetic axons are unmyelinated C-fibers
5Specific, where ligand gated channels are found in the neuron;
- ADendrites
- BCell body = soma
- CAxon hillock
- DNodes of ranvier
6Identify features that separate CARDIAC from skeletal muscles
- AIt is build of thick and thin filaments
- BAction potential has a plateau phase
- CCells can depolarize independent of external impulses
- DCalcium ins are stored in the endoplasmic reticulum
- EGap junctions
7The Resting membrane potential of a cellular membrane is dependent on:
- AK+ outflow (leakage current)
- BFast Na+ channels
- CFast k+ channels
- DCa2+ channel
- ENa+/K+ pump- ATPase
8In Neuromuscular junctions you can find:
- AN-cholinergic receptor
- BAcetylcholine
- CBeta-Adrenergic receptor
- DFolds of the cardiac membrane
9ATP function in cross bridge cycle: In the cross bridge cycle of skeletal and cardiac muscle, ATP produces:
- ATropomyosin and actin connection
- BCa2+ released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- CATP - energizing the power stroke of the myosin cross bridge
- DATP - disconnecting the myosin cross bridge from the binding site on actin at a conclusion of a powerstroke
- EATP - actively transporting Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
10GABA is
- AVoltage gated Cl- channel
- BLigand gated Cl- channel
- CCL channel, gated with GABA
- DActivation/ release leads to IPSP
11Co-transmitters and mediators in ANS:
- APreganglionic cholinergic fibers
- BPostganglionic cholinergic fibers
- CPostganglionic adrenergic
- DPreganglionic adrenergic
12Resting membrane potential in maintained by:
- AK+ ions outflow
- BCl ion passage
- CNA/K pump
- DProtein anions
- ENa+ channels & currents does not influence resting membrane potential
13Standard Action potential of the neuron:
- AReflects all or none law
- BInvolves sodium, chloride and calcium channels
- CCan be summated in time and space
- DThe amount of liberated neurotransmitter is proportionate to the frequency of action potential passing via p...
14Which of the following cells are able to create action potential?
- AOlfactory receptor cells
- BHair cells of the organ of Corti
- CGanglion cells of the retina
- DBipolar cells of the retina
15Tetanic contraction of the skeletal muscle results from the cumulative increase in the intracellular concentration of which of the following?
- AATP
- BPotassium ion
- CPhosphocreatine
- DCalcium ion
- ETroponin
16Tetany can be observed in:
- ADecrease in Ca2+ (low plasma level)
- BDecrease in Mg2+ (low plasma levels)
- CIncrease in Ca2+
- DIncrease in temperature
- EDecrease in H+
- FIncrease in HCO3-, K+ and HPO42-
- GAcidosis
- HAlkalosis
17Identify right features common for all types of striated muscle:
- ACalmodulin intensifies activity of the calcium pump of SR, pumping ions back into ECF
- BT-tubules of the sarcolemma is rich in ligand gated channels
- CDHP receptor is the voltage gated structure of sarcolemma
- DRise of concentration of calcium ion in cytosol of striated muscle cells is the necessary condition for generation of cross bridges
- ERyR is the ionotropic receptor of sarcolemma
18In synaptic transmission:
- AAcetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholine esterase in synaptic cleft. This finishes synaptic transmission
- BPostsynaptic inhibition depends on the number of IPSP and EPSP generated on particular postsynaptic membrane
- CGlycine produced EPSP in postsynaptic neuron
19The site where the threshold potential (-55mV) has to occur in order to produce an action potential is:
- AAxon
- BAxon hillock
- CSoma
- DDendrites
20Choose which of the following statements are true (action potential):
- AThe site where the threshold potential (-55mV) has to occur in order to produce an action potential is the axon hillock
- BDuring its resting state, the electrical charge inside the neuron is negative compared to the outside
- CIn response to an action potential, a presynaptic neuron releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter which diffuses across the synaptic cleft to activate ligand receptor on the postsynaptic cell
- DThe reason why there is a sudden shift in the electrical potential of the neuron (from about -70mv to about +50mv) during an action potential is largely due to the sudden influx of potassium ions.
21Which of the followings are peptide hormones:
- AThyroxine, aldosterone, growth hormone;
- BInsulin, epinephrine, dopamine;
- CVasopressin, oxytocin, insulin;
- DParathyroid hormone, growth hormone, calcitonin
22In the neurons:
- AThe axons convey impulse away from the cell body;
- BNeurotransmitters are synthesized in the cell bodies and then transported to the axons
- CThe condition velocity decreases with fiber diameter
- DThe excitability is increased if the extracellular calcium concentration is decreased
23Fill the blank with the correct words:"During the neuron's resting state, large amounts of positive ______ ions are found in the extracellular fluid, whereas relatively more positive ______ ions are found inside the cell."
- Asodium, potassium
- Bpotassium, sodium
- Cpotassium, chloride
- Dchloride, potassium
24The conduction velocity of the nerve fibers is increased by:
- ADecreased temperature
- BIncreased concentration of the external sodium ions
- CIncreased axon diameter
- DMyelination
25Place the following neurons in order of their speed of conduction , from faster to slowest: (they are in the correct order seen below
a. myelinated axon, diameter 20um
b. unmyelinated axon, diameter 200um
c. unmyelinated axon, diameter 20um- Ab, c, a
- Bc, a, b
- Ca, b, c
26The presence of myelin allows an axon to:
- AProduce more frequent action potentials
- BConduct impulses more rapidly
- CProduce action potential of larger amplitude
- DAction potential of longer duration
27Hair cells of semicircular canals:
- ARespond to linear acceleration
- BDischarge at rest
- CDepolarize when bend towards kinocilium
- DSaccule and Utricle
- ESignals linear acceleration
28Hair cells are located:
- AIn tympanic membrane
- BIn inner ear
- CIn semicircular canals
- DIn scala tympani
- Emiddle ear
- Fcrista ampullaris
- Gbasilar membrane of organ of corti
29Vestibular Nystagmus:
- ATriggered by linear acceleration
- BToward warm ear in Barany test
- COpposite of Barany rotation test
- DDefined by its slow phase
- Enot envoked in normal healthy people
- Fpostrotatory side is in opposite direction
- Gslow eye movement - vestibular occular reflex
- Hslow eye movement - vertigo
30True statement:
- AIn damage to Wernick's area, person can talk fluently but poor auditory comprehension and poor repetition of heard and read words (cant name)
- BIn damage to wernick's area, person can talk fluenty with good auditory comprehension, but is not able to repeat heard and read words
- CIn damage to Broca's speech area, person can talk fluently, but poor auditory comprehension and able to repeat heard words
- DIn damage to Broca's speech area, person can't talk fluently, but good auditory comprehension (can't name and repeat)
31Organ of Corti:
- AInner motile due to basilar membrane
- BAbundant efference
- CAbundant afferent
32Primary somatosensory cortex: Primary sensory cortex
- AReceives somatosensory input (specific)
- BLocated in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
- CIs Brodmans area 1,2,3
- DGoes to cingulate gyrus
33Defects of left geniculocalcarine tract (left optic radiation / optic tract):
- ATemporal half of left retina
- BTemporal half of right retina
- CNasal half of left retina
- DNasal half of right retina
- EBoth halves of semis retina
34Concerning stretch reflex:
- AAnulospiral endings continued by afferent myelinated Ib fibers.
- BAnulospiral endings continued by afferent myelinated Ia fibers
- CEfferent cdr fibers of anterior horn
- DEfferent A alfa fibers of anterior horn
- EFlower - spray endings continued by efferent myelinated group III fibers
35What is correct regarding reflexes:
- AStretch reflex is a monosynaptic
- BStretch reflex is a polysynaptic
- CInverse stretch reflex is a withdrawal reflex
- DAnnulospiral and flower-spray in endings muscle spindle
36Identify correct statements concerning delta waves:
- ADeepest part of NREM sleep
- BLower muscle tone in skeletal muscle
- CMore than 50% of normal EEG
- DSpindles of theta waves
37Elements of the visual pathway: (6 correct)
- Amedial geniculate body
- Blateral geniculate body
- Cretina, small retina cells
- Doptic disc and optic radiation
- Epurkinje cells
- Fbipolar cells, photosensitive cells and ganglion cells
- Goptic chiasm
- Hneurons of visual cortex
38Neurons of visual pathway are (mind the order): (ONLY 5 are correct)
a. Photosensitive cells
b. Bipolar cells
c. Ganglion cells
d. Cells of lateral geniculate body of thalamus
e. Neurons of visual cortex (bordmans area 17)
f. Purkinje cells
g. Cells of medial geniculate body of thalamus- Aa, b, c, f, g
- Ba, b, c, d, e
- Ca, c, f, b, g
- Da, b, f, d, e
39Fast superficial pain:
- ACerebral cortex
- BTransmitted by unmyelinated fibers
- CBright and easy to localise
- DTransmitted by myelinated A fibers (delta)
- EShort lasting pain signals (sharp)
40Pacinian corpuscle:
- ARapidly adapting
- BSlow adapting
- CLarge area of skin - large receptive field size
- DSmall area of skin
41Defects of cerebellum;
- AAtaxia, failure of progression
- BPoor coordination, decomposition of body movements
- CIntention tremor
- DResting tremor
- EAdiadochonkinesia/ dysdiadochokinesia
- Fcerebellar nystagmus (tremor of eyes)
- Gpast pointing, dysmetria & hypotonia
- HSynergia
42Mechanoreceptor are located in:
- AScala tympani
- BScala media
- Cscala vestibuli
- Dgolgi tendon organ
- Eampulae of semicircular canal
43The reflex arc of the withdrawal reflex is composed of (5)
- Anociceptor
- Bmuscle spindle
- CIa sensory fibers
- DIb sensory fibers
- EA delta fiber
- Fexcitatory interneurons
- Ginhibitory interneurons
- Halpha motor neurons
44Fovea centralis (4)
- ALocated medially to optic disc
- BLocated superior to optic disc
- CLocated laterally to optic disc (temporal)
- DLocated inferior to optic disc
- EIs located in center of macula lutea of retina
- FIs closely packed with cones
- GGreatest visual acuity (central vision)
45Cholinergic neurons of autonomic nervous system (Ach)
- Apostganglionic parasympathetic
- Bpreganglionic Parasympathetic
- Cpostganglionic sympathetic
- Dpreganglionic sympathetic
- EAlpha motor
46Tapping of the patellar elicits a reflex contraction of the quadriceps muscle, Which of the following proceeds the contraction of the quadriceps femoris?
- AThe Ia afferents from the quadriceps muscle spindle increase their rate of firing
- BThe Ib afferents from the Golgi tendon organ increase their rate of firing
- CThe alpha-motoneurons innervating the extradural muscle fibers increase their rate of firing
- DThe gamma-motoneurons innervating the intrafusal muscle increase their rate of firing
- EThe alpha-motoneurons to the antagonist muscles increase their rate of firing
47Which of the following are elements of the reflec arc of the inverse stretch reflex?
- AInhibitory interneuron of the spinal cord
- BGamma motor neuron innervating extratusal skeletal muscle cells
- CGolgi tendon organ
- DIb sensory fiber from the annulospinal ending
- EAlpha-motor neuron innervating extrafusal skeletal muscle cells
- FC fiber collecting input from the muscle spindle
- GSensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from type la sensory fiber
48Identify the FIRST and the LAST stage of the phototransduction of rods right after absorption of light:
- AHyperpolarization and photoreceptor
- BActivation of transduction
- CIncrease of the concentration of cGMP
- DChanging of the retinal configuration from the cis-form to the more energetic trans-form
- EClosure of the cGMP dependent Na+ channel
- FReduction of the concentration of cGMP
49Find right statement concerning audition:
- AFrequency of vibration of the basilar membrane differs frequency of vibration of the ear drum
- BThe apical part of the basilar membrane resonate the most in response to the tone of 200Hz
- COuter hair cells of the cochlea help to discriminate loudness of the sound
- DInner hair cells of the cochlea function as detectors of the tone pitch
- ETone of 20kHz produces vibration of the entire basilar membrane
50Identify right statements concerning olfactory transduction (mind the proper order of events) that develops right after odorant:
- AActivation of G-protein complex (Golf)
- BActivation of the adenyl cyclase and synthesis of cAMP
- CCa2+ opens Cl-outward channels that produce depolarization that reaches axon hillock
- DGeneration of the action potential in cilia of the olfactory cells
51Symptoms of cerebellar defects might be:
1. Resting tremor.
2. Ataxia, dyscoordination of voluntary and involuntary movements.
3. Flaccid paralysis.
4. Spasticity and exaggerated stretch reflexes.
5. Broad-based gait and intention tremor.
6. Atrophy of muscles.
7. Dyscoordination of only involuntary movements.- A1, 2, 4
- B2, 5
- C4, 5, 7
- D3, 6
52Which of following cells are cholinergic neurons of the Autonomic Nervous System (liberate Ach):
1. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons.
2. Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.
3. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
4. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons to gastric glands.
5. Alpha-motor neurons of the anterior horns.- A1, 2, 3, 4
- B2, 3, 4, 5
- C1, 2, 3
- D1, 2, 3, 5
53Parasympathetic system:
1. Produces contraction of the gallbladder
2. Increases velocity of conduction in the atrin of the atrioventricular node of the intrinsic conduction system of heart.
3. Produces contraction of detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder.
4. Produces dilation of airways (bronchodilation).- A2, 4
- B1, 3
- C1, 4
- D2, 3
54Anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract is composed of (PROPER ORDER of NEURONS is required):
1. Neurons in posterior horn of the spinal cord.
2. Dorsal root ganglion cell.
3. Neurons in nucleus gracilis.
4. Neurons in ventral posterolateral nuclei of the thalamus.
5. Neurons in postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.- A2, 3, 4, 5
- B2, 1, 3, 4, 5
- C1, 2, 4, 5
- D2, 1, 4, 5
55Which of following phenomena are mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptor:
1. Intestinal relaxation.
2. Urinary bladder sphincter contraction.
3. Lipogenesis.
4. Bronchodilation.- A2, 4
- B1, 3
- C3, 4
- D1, 2
56Identify all true statements concerning threshold potential
- AThreshold potential equals -40mV in standard neurons.
- BThreshold potential is the minimum amplitude of the stimulus which is able to elicit action potential.
- CThe lower the threshold potential, the higher cell excitability.
- DThreshold potential is the membrane charge able to open voltage gated channels initiating spontaneous distribution of excitation.
57Identify right statements concerning phenomena that begin depolarization of the skeletal muscle cell:
- AActivation of nicotinic receptor of the skeletal muscle cell generates action potential of the motor end plate.
- BBinding of Ach to the nicotinic receptor produces end plate potential.
- CEnd plate potential of the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell is produced by the ligand gated channel.
- DActivation of the muscarinic M1 receptor produces IPSP of the motor end-plate.
58Rhodopsin is..;
- AThe G-protein that breaks down cGMP.
- BExtremely sensitive to light. It begins phototransduction being entered by a single photon of light.
- CA metabotropic G-protein coupled receptor.
- DThe ionotropic receptor gated by GABA (GABAC receptor)
- EEmbedded in the membrane of free floating discs of the outer segment of the rod cell.
59How far from the lens is the focal point of the eye, which refractive power is 50 dioptres?
- A50 mm beyond the lens.
- B25 mm beyond the lens and it is always located on the fovea
- C2 cm beyond the lens.
- D50 mm in front of the lens
60Sentences related to afferent (ascending) pathways of the spinal cord:
- AAll spinal pathways to cerebral cortex pass through transitional nuclei of thalamus.
- BThey conduct exteroceptive, proprioceptive and auditory sensation.
- CUnconscious proprioceptive sensation terminates with mossy fibers on granule cells of cerebellar cortex.
- DTheir second neurons can be located in spinal cord or medulla oblongata.
61Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex:
- AAre excited by climbing fibers from the olivary nuclei
- BCollect efferent output from deep cerebellar nuclei.
- CAre located in molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex
- DRelease GABA from their axon terminals. They produce inhibitory effect to deep cerebellar nuclei.
62Nociception is conducted by:
- ALateral spinothalmic tract
- BThe same pathway as the vibration and fine, precise touch
- CThe same pathway as the input from thermoreceptors
- DPathways of concious and unconscious proprioception
63Gamma-motor neurons:
- AThey terminate in form of flower spray endings in peripheral part of the muscle spindle
- BTheir bodies are located in intermediolateral part of the grey matter of the spinal cord (lateral horn).
- CThey terminate in form of plate and trail endings on the nuclear bag and the nuclear chain fibres of muscle spindles.
- DThey are lower motor neurons of the reticulospinal tract.
64Sensory input to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe originates from:
- AMechanoreceptors of the vestibular organ.
- BMechanoreceptors of the organ of Corti.
- CAnnulospiral endings and flower spray ending of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
- DNociceptors of the slow pain pathways.
65Excitation-contraction coupling in SMOOTH muscle cells involves following events EXCEPT for:
- AInward calcium current via the ryanodine receptor of the cellular membrane.
- BActivation of the IP3 receptor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- CShortening of sarcomere
- DFormation of calcium-calmodulin complex.
66Which statements concerning audition are right?
- AConduction deafness develops in effect of damage of the cochlea of the inner ear.
- BIn conduction deafness, bone conduction of sound is better/longer than air conduction in Rinne test.
- CIn Schwabach test, bone conduction of sound of the healthy examiner is better than bone conduction of the patient suffering from sensorineural loss of hearing.
- DIn Weber test, sound lateralizes (is heard louder) toward defected ear in conduction deafness.
67Lidocaine, commonly used agent for local anesthesia, blocks action of the fast voltage-gated sodium channel. Identify effects you expect:
- AIt produces postsynaptic inhibition decreasing neural excitability.
- BIt produces presynaptic inhibition within neural axons decreasing their threshold of excitability.
- CIt increases the amount of GABA – spinal neurotransmitter producing IPSP
- DIt has no effect on the threshold of excitability of neurons.
- EIt creates anesthetic effect by interrupting of propagation of the exteroception, including pain, via nerves.
68
Which of following are elements of the reflex arc of the inverse-stretch reflex?- AAlpha-motor neuron projecting its axon to skeletal muscle cells.
- BExcitatory interneuron of the spinal cord.
- CThe muscle spindle aligned parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers.
- DAlpha-motor neuron projecting its axon to the flexor muscles of the ipsilateral limb.
- EGolgi tendon organ.
- FSensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from A delta fiber.
- GSensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from A alpha sensory fiber.
69In myopia
- AFar point of vision can be located even 1 meter from the eye.
- BIt is related to increased focal length of the eyeball.
- CIt is related to decreased focal length of the eyeball.
- DFar objects are focused on retina while near objects behind the retina.
- ENear objects are focused on retina while far objects in front of the retina.
70Identify right statements concerning SLOW PAIN:
- AIt is modulated by inhibitory interneurons of substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn.
- BIt is transmitted by unmyelinated C-fibers.
- CIt is conducted via midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus to the cingulate gyrus of the cortex.
- DIt is not transmitted to the cerebral cortex, it reaches only limbic system and hypothalamus.
- EIt is “bright”, easily localized pain, transmitted by Ad-fibers (A delta).
- FIt is intensified by neurons of substantia gelatinosa (SG).
71Left optic tract aggregates axons of ganglion cells from:
- ATemporal half of the left retina.
- BTemporal half of the right retina.
- CNasal half of the left retina.
- DNasal half of the right retina.
- EBoth right hemiretinas (right halves of both retinas)
72Which of following statements properly concern inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord:
- ARenshaw cells receive the output from alpha motor neurons and perform their recurrent inhibition.
- BInhibitory interneurons are involved in eliciting myotatic reflexes.
- CIn effect of reciprocal innervation, inhibitory interneurons bring relaxation of extensor muscles in withdrawal reflex.
- DInhibitory interneurons of the cord are mostly GABAergic, mediating IPSP and cellular hyperpolarization via GABAA receptor.
73Purkinje cells in Basal Ganglia of cerebellar cortex ?
- AReceive efferent fibers from deep cerebellar cortex
- BExited by climbing fibers
- CInhibited by mossy fibers
- DConnected with caudate nucleus
74What is true?
- AGranule cells strongly excites purkinje cells
- BClimbing cells are from inferior olivary nucleus
- CClimbing cells can excite mossy fibers
- DGranule cells are part of cerebellum
75True about gamma motor neurons:
- AThey maintain activity of Ia afferent
- BThey detect the length of extrafusal muscle fibres
- CThey produce contraction of nuclear bag and chain fibres
- DThey stimulate the activity of Ib fibres
76Location of cholinergic receptors:
- AEndocrine cells of medulla of adrenal gland
- BSarcolemma of smooth muscle cells of urinary bladder
- CSarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells
- DSarcolemma of smooth muscle cells of systemic veins -
77What statement is right concerning beta rhythm:
- AAppears when patients eyes are open
- BLow frequencies high amplitude in NREM sleep
- CForms sleep spindles in EEG
- DAppears over occipital lobes when eyes are closed
- EMeasured mostly on frontal lobe for conscious thought
78Dark adaptation of the eye:
- ADegeneration of rhodopsin
- BRegeneration of light sensitive of rhodopsin
- CConstriction of pupil
- DDilation of pupil
- EIncreased sensitivity of retina for light
79Right statements concerning visual acuity:
- AIn the top row of the Snellen chart letters are separated by 1 arc. It can be read from 50m away
- BIt is the nearest point to the eye at which an object can be brought into clear focus by accommodation
- CIs related to the smallest angle by which two points can be separated
and still perceived as two points. - DIs determined by ophthalmoscope
Información
- Descripción
- Medicine Test sobre Physiology Exam 2022 - Cycle 2, creado por Soheila Amri el 09/06/2022.
- Autor
- Soheila Amri
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- English
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