Test
Hypertension and physics
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Preguntas del test (21)
1In Ohm's Law Flow = Pressure/
- Aradius
- Bresistance
- CCSA
2In Poiseulle's Law Flow is = to Delta P/ [blank_start]R[blank_end]
Where R= 8Ln/ pi r^4.
Therefore Flow = delta P x r^4, so Flow is proportional to both [blank_start]driving pressure[blank_end] and radius but is inversely proportional to both the [blank_start]length[blank_end] and viscosity of the fluid.- AR
- Bdriving pressure
- Clength
3Aneuryms result in laminated thrombus formation because the velocity of flow is quicker at the edges of a vessel, which creates the impotence for viscous blood and therefor aggregation of platelets and thrombus formation.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
4Velocity = Flow/ [blank_start]cross sectional area[blank_end]. This means when the radius of a vessel [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] such as during atherosclerosis there will be more damage occur as the Velocity will increase [blank_start]inversely[blank_end] to the reduction in cross sectional area. This may lead to increased damage to the endothelium of vessels.
- Across sectional area
- BResistance
- CLength
- Ddecreases
- Eincreases
- Finversely
- Gproportionately
5The [blank_start]microcirculation[blank_end] extends from the arterioles to the [blank_start]venules[blank_end]. Its main roles are:
-[blank_start]Nutrition[blank_end] of tissues, with density being proportional to the metabolic activity of the organ
-Non-[blank_start]nutritional[blank_end] e.g. glomerular capillaries of kidneys, temperature regulation, [blank_start]signalling[blank_end], host-defence
[blank_start]Arterioles[blank_end] are single layers of SMC's and are innervated
Meta-arterioles are larger than a capillary and short cut through the vascular bed
[blank_start]Pre-capillary sphincters[blank_end]--> important for regulating blood flow- Amicrocirculation
- Bvenules
- CNutrition
- Dnutritional
- Esignalling
- FArterioles
- GPre-capillary sphincters
6How many types of capillaries are there?
- A1
- B2
- C3
- D4
7Which of these is not the role of a pericyte?
- AEndothelial support cell
- Bregulate capillary flow
- Cregulate wound healing through inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis
- Dsignal TH2 cells
8The Resistance of the micro-circulation is the sum of the pre, capillary and post capillary resistance
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
9Smooth Muscle Contraction:
Ca2+ entry through voltage gated calcium channels
Ca2+ release from SR ([blank_start]poorer[blank_end] here than in cardiac tissue)
Ca2+ entry through voltage independent channels e.g. NT binding receptors or stretch activated channels
Increased calcium activated calmodulin
The calcium-[blank_start]calmodulin[blank_end] complex activates myosin light chain kinase
Phosphorylation of myosin light chain allows the myosin to interact with the actin, producing contraction.
Relaxation occurs when MLC phosphatase dephosphorylaes MLC.- Apoorer
- Bgreater
- Ccalmodulin
- Dphosphatase
10Apart from myogenic stretch, activating stretch channels, local factors which can impact arteriole resistance are?
- APaO2
- BPaCO2
- CpH
- DLactic Acid
- EK+
- FATP, Adenosine, Lactic Acid
- GSulphate
11The equation for net filtration pressure = delta P - delta (colloid osmotic pressure)
If the hydrostatic pressure is 52 and the albumin levels are 36 in the plasma and the tissue pressure is -2 but the albumin levels are 13, what is the filtration.- A14
- B16
- C17
- D31
12The mechanism of vasculitis is infection leading to antigen-antibody complexes and complement activation, which causes a dense infiltration of acute and chronic inflammatory cells. Common symptoms are
- ASkin rash
- BInvolvement of tunica intima and media
- CDVT
13Which of these describes essential hypertension?
- ADue to a causative agent i.e. essential such as OSA, Renal artery disease, Hyperaldosteronism, Parenchymal Renal Disease, Cushing's Syndrome or Drugs.
- BUnknown cause and is believed to be a byplay between genetic, lifestyle factors, diet, obesity, smoking, reduced exercise and stress.
14Renal HTN involves changes in systemic system caused by [blank_start]RAAS[blank_end] activation.
Endocrine disorders such as Cushing's causes excess production of cortisol which has the action of maintain vascular responsiveness to circulating vasoconstrictors.
Primary aldosteronism refers to a non-suppressible hypersecretion of aldosterone which promotes sodium reabsorption in the [blank_start]cortical collecting duct[blank_end] and therefore volume expansion.
Pheochromocytoma is a [blank_start]catecholamine[blank_end] secreting tumor that arises from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and increases NA, A.- ARAAS
- BADH
- Ccortical collecting duct
- Dproximal tubules
- Ecatecholamine
- Fendothelin
15Which of these is not a common end artery?
- ASplenic
- BRenal
- CPulmonary
- DOpthalmic
16ACE-Inhibitors end in pril and are used to treat HTN, CHF, post AMI, Diabetic nephropathy. Main mechanism is to inhibit conversion of ANG 1 to ANG 2. This will lead to all but the following. They are contra-indicated in pregnancy.
- AVasodilation
- BReduced ADH
- CReduced sympathetic activation
- DIncreased aldosterone
17The reason people take sartans such as Candesartan and Ang 2 receptor blocker is that they cause less of a cough than ACE-Inhibitors
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
18[blank_start]Thiazide[blank_end] Diuretics (cholothalidone and Indapamide), inhibit the reabsorption of [blank_start]Na[blank_end]+ at the proximal segment of the DCT, which means more Na+ is maintained in the collecting duct and less H20 will [blank_start]reabsorb[blank_end] here, thus reducing plasma volumes. [blank_start]Low doses[blank_end] in HTN, [blank_start]higher doses[blank_end] in CCF. They have more of a vasodilatory effect in HTN.
- AThiazide
- BNa
- Creabsorb
- DLow doses
- Ehigher doses
19Ca2+ channel blockers such as amlodipine inhibit the entry of Ca2+ ions through a subset of voltage gated calcium channels which promotes smooth muscle relaxation.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
20Olol- B-blockers competitively [blank_start]antagonise[blank_end] B-adrenergic receptors throughout the body.
They reduce BP by inhibiting [blank_start]rate[blank_end] and contraction of myocardium (B1) without reducing TPR. They also exert an effect on the CNS to decrease RENIN secretion. They reduce myocardial O2 demand by lowering HR, BP & Preload.- Aantagonise
- Bagonise
- Crate
- Dspeed
21What type of diet and activity regime would you recommend to a patient with HTN?
- Ahigh sodium, low potassium, moderate exercise
- Blow sodium, high potassium, moderate exercise
Información
- Descripción
- Hypertension and associated conditions
- Autor
- jimmy_sheehan318
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 47
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
- Aún sin valoraciones Valora este test