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Organic Synthesis

Clodagh Mullins 8 preguntas

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Preguntas del test (8)

  1. 1These are the reactions that alkanes can perform. Firstly cracking, the conditions required for this process can either be high [blank_start]temperature[blank_end] and [blank_start]pressure[blank_end] or a [blank_start]zeolite[blank_end] catalyst. Next: combustion. combustion can either be complete or, when there is insufficient [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end], incomplete. Finally free-radical substitution. There are [blank_start]3[blank_end] steps to this mechanism. First is [blank_start]initiation[blank_end] where chlorine is converted into chlorine [blank_start]free radicals[blank_end] using [blank_start]u.v[blank_end] light. Next is [blank_start]propagation[blank_end] where chlorine reacts with alkanes producing more free radicals. The last stage is [blank_start]termination.[blank_end] When free radicals meet and produce stable compounds.
    1. Atemperature
    2. Bpressure
    3. Czeolite
    4. Doxygen
    5. E3
    6. Finitiation
    7. Gu.v
    8. Hfree radicals
    9. Ipropagation
    10. Jtermination.
  2. 2These are the reactions that Alkenes can perform. Firstly hydrogenation. Addition of [blank_start]hydrogen[blank_end] using a [blank_start]nickel[blank_end] catalyst to produce an alkane. Next is [blank_start]electrophilic[blank_end] addition. This opens up the double bond and usually produces a [blank_start]haloalkane.[blank_end] For example the bromine test for alkenes. However the electrophilic addition of sulfuric acid produces an [blank_start]alkyl hydrogensulfate[blank_end], the addition of [blank_start]water[blank_end] to this will produce an [blank_start]alcohol[blank_end] and sulfuric acid. Finally alkenes can undergo [blank_start]addition[blank_end] polymerisation this opens up the double bond and allows the alkene to act as a monomer or [blank_start]repeating unit.[blank_end]
    1. Ahydrogen
    2. Bnickel
    3. Celectrophilic
    4. Dhaloalkane.
    5. Ealkyl hydrogensulfate
    6. Fwater
    7. Galcohol
    8. Haddition
    9. Irepeating unit.
  3. 3These are the reactions of haloalkanes. Firstly, [blank_start]nucleophilic[blank_end] substitution. Depending on the nucleophile there will be different products. For example if the nucleophile is potassium [blank_start]cyanide[blank_end], the product will be a [blank_start]nitrile[blank_end] which can be reduced into an [blank_start]amine[blank_end] using hydrogen and a nickel catalyst or [blank_start]lithium aluminium hydride[blank_end]. If hydroxide ions are used an [blank_start]alcohol[blank_end] will be produced. If ammonia is used an [blank_start]amine[blank_end] will be produced (be aware [blank_start]2[blank_end] mols of ammonia will be needed). The conditions for substitution are in [blank_start]aqueous[blank_end] solution at [blank_start]room[blank_end] temperature. Elimination is another reaction of the haloalkanes. This requires a hydroxide ion and produces an [blank_start]alkene[blank_end]. For elimination the ions must be in [blank_start]ethanol[blank_end] solution and heated.
    1. Anucleophilic
    2. Bnitrile
    3. Ccyanide
    4. Damine
    5. Elithium aluminium hydride
    6. Falcohol
    7. Gamine
    8. H2
    9. Iaqueous
    10. Jroom
    11. Kalkene
    12. Lethanol
  4. 4These are the reactions of the alcohols. Firstly elimination. In alcohols this is also called [blank_start]dehydration[blank_end] and uses either conc [blank_start]sulfuric[blank_end] or conc [blank_start]phosphoric[blank_end] acid to produce [blank_start]alkenes[blank_end]. Next is oxidation, usually the oxidising agent is acidified [blank_start]potassium dichromate[blank_end]. If a [blank_start]primary[blank_end] alcohol is used an aldehyde will be produced, if the aldehyde is then oxidised further a [blank_start]carboxylic acid[blank_end] will be produced. If a secondary alcohol is used a [blank_start]ketone[blank_end] will be produced and [blank_start]tertiary[blank_end] alcohols cannot be easily oxidised. Alcohols can also be involved in [blank_start]esterification[blank_end]. If an alcohol is combined with an acyl chloride an ester and [blank_start]HCL[blank_end] are produced. Similarly if an alcohol and an acyl anhydride are combined an ester and [blank_start]carboxylic acid[blank_end] will be produced. The mechanism is called [blank_start]nucleophilic addition-elimination[blank_end].
    1. Adehydration
    2. Bsulfuric
    3. Cphosphoric
    4. Dalkenes
    5. Epotassium dichromate
    6. Fprimary
    7. Gcarboxylic acid
    8. Hketone
    9. Itertiary
    10. Jesterification
    11. KHCL
    12. Lcarboxylic acid
    13. Mnucleophilic addition-elimination
  5. 5These are the reactions of the Aldehydes & Ketones. Firstly Aldehydes can be oxidised to form [blank_start]carboxylic acids[blank_end], ketones [blank_start]cannot[blank_end]. Both can undergo hydrogenation and can be [blank_start]reduced[blank_end] using [blank_start]NaBH4[blank_end], both these reactions produce [blank_start]alcohols[blank_end]. The mechanism for reduction of these groups is [blank_start]nucleophilic addition[blank_end]. They can also undergo nucleophilic addition with [blank_start]hydrogen cyanide[blank_end] to produce a 2-hydroxynitrile.
    1. Acarboxylic acids
    2. Bcannot
    3. Creduced
    4. DNaBH4
    5. Ealcohols
    6. Fnucleophilic addition
    7. Ghydrogen cyanide
  6. 6These are the reactions of carboxylic acids and esters. Carboxylic acid reacts with [blank_start]sodium hydrogencarbonate[blank_end] and [blank_start]carbon dioxide[blank_end] is evolved. Carboxylic acid will react with alcohol with conc [blank_start]sulfuric acid[blank_end] to produce an ester. When an ester is heated with an [blank_start]alkali[blank_end] it is [blank_start]hydrolysed[blank_end] to an alcohol an a [blank_start]carboxylate[blank_end] salt
    1. Asodium hydrogencarbonate
    2. Bcarbon dioxide
    3. Csulfuric acid
    4. Dalkali
    5. Ehydrolysed
    6. Fcarboxylate
  7. 7These are Acylation reactions, reactions of the acid chloride and the acid anhydride groups. Acid chloride can undergo several [blank_start]nucleophilic addition-elimination[blank_end] reactions. They can be with water, [blank_start]alcohols[blank_end], ammonia and [blank_start]amines[blank_end]. Acid chlorides can also undergo [blank_start]electrophilic substitution[blank_end] with benzene and an [blank_start]aluminium chloride[blank_end] catalyst. Acid anhydride can also undergo all the [blank_start]nucleophilic addition-elimination[blank_end] reactions.
    1. Anucleophilic addition-elimination
    2. Balcohols
    3. Camines
    4. Delectrophilic substitution
    5. Ealuminium chloride
    6. Fnucleophilic addition-elimination
  8. 8This is aromatic chemistry. Benzene undergoes [blank_start]electrophilic substitution reactions[blank_end]. With concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid [blank_start]nitrobenzene[blank_end] is produced. This can be reduced further using [blank_start]tin and HCL[blank_end] to produce [blank_start]phenylamine[blank_end]. Benzene can be reduced using hydrogen and a nickel catalyst to produce [blank_start]hexane[blank_end].
    1. Aelectrophilic substitution reactions
    2. Bnitrobenzene
    3. Ctin and HCL
    4. Dphenylamine
    5. Ehexane

Información

Descripción
quiz on the reactions of each organic group
Idioma
English
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