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Neurological conditions - intro
Fichas del conjunto (25)
- 1Sensory assessment (8) L, P, D, T, V, S, T, SLight touch
Pressure
Deep pain
Temperature
Vibration
Sharp – Blunt perception
Two point discrimination
Stereogenesis - 2Motor assessment (6) G, M, M, M, P, RGait analysis
Muscle tone
Muscle bulk
Muscle strength
Plantar response
Reflexes - 3Autonomic assessment (3)Skin Texture
Skin Temperature – warm red skin – absence of vasoconstriction
Other associated autonomic complications – bowel, bladder, sexual dysfunction - 4Upper Motor Neurone Lesion - definition“An injury to or lesion in the brain or spinal cord that causes damage to the cell bodies, axons, or both of the upper motor neurons, which extend from the cerebral centres to the cells in the spinal column”
- 5Lower Motor Neurone Lesion - definitionParalysis resulting from an injury or lesion that damages the cell bodies or axons, or both, of the lower motor neurons, which are located in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and the spinal and peripheral nerves
- 6Upper Motor Neurone Lesions - features of (6) H, S, R, P, I, CHypertonic
Spastic paralysis
Reduced power
Plantar response – +ve Babinski
Increased reflexes
Clonus - 7Hypertonicis an increased tension of the muscles, meaning the muscle tone is abnormally rigid, hampering proper movement.
- 8Spastic paralysisA chronic pathological condition in which the muscles are affected by persistent spasms and exaggerated tendon reflexes because of damage to the central nervous system.
- 9Plantar response – +ve BabinskiTest the plantar response by scraping an object across the sole of the foot beginning from the heel, moving forward toward the small toe, and then arcing medially toward the big toe. The normal response is downward contraction of the toes. The abnormal response, called Babinski's sign, is characterized by an upgoing big toe and fanning outward of the other toes. In some patients the toes are "silent," moving neither up nor down. If the toes are downgoing on one side and silent on the other, the silent side is considered abnormal. The presence of Babinski's sign is always abnormal in adults, but it is often present in infants, up to the age of about 1 year.
- 10Clonusa continuous rhythmic reflex tremor initiated by the spinal cord below an area of spinal cord injury, set in motion by reflex testing
ankle clonus , foot clonus a series of abnormal reflex movements of the foot, induced by sudden dorsiflexion, causing alternate contraction and relaxation of the triceps surae muscle. - 11Lower Motor Lesion features (6) H, F, R, L, F, FHypotonic
Flacid Paralysis
Reduced power
Loss of reflexes
Fascicullations
Fibrillations - 12Hypotonic?Having less than normal tone or tension, as of muscles or arteries.
- 13Flaccid paralysis?The weakening or the loss of muscle tone.
- 14FascicullationsMuscle twitches
- 15Fibrillationsis the rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of muscle fibers
- 16Conditions associated with UMNL Signs (Examples) 10Cerebral palsy
CVA
Brain Injury
Fredreich’s ataxia
Spinal injury
Brain or spinal injury
Motor neurone disease
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Multiple Sclerosis
Syringomyelia (later stages)
HMSN - 17Conditions associated with LMNL Signs (Examples) 8Poliomyelitis
Injury to lower motor neurone and/or peripheral nerve
Motor Neurone Disease
Syringomyelia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Cord compression
Spina Bifida
HMSN - 18Peripheral Neuropathy - 3 classifications?Polyneuropathy, Mononeuropathy and Focal neuropathy
- 19PolyneuropathySeveral classifications
Anatomic
Clinical Pattern
Affections of sensory involvement
Affections of motor involvement
Hereditary sensory neuropathies
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies
Aetiology - 20Aetiological Classifications 6 HIMITOMetabolic: Diabetic, alcoholic
Hereditary: HMSN, Amyloidosis
Toxic: Biological, Lead, Mercury
Ischaemic: Necrotising angiitis
Inflammatory: Guillian Barre Syndrome
Other: Carcinoma, leprosy, herpes zoster - 21Mononeuropathy - main factor? 4 othersMain factor – trauma
Physical
Thermal
Electrical
Radiation
Systemic disease may predispose
Vascular lesions
Neoplasia
Granulomatous lesions - 22Classification of Nerve Injuries 3Class 1 - Neuropraxia
Class 2 – Axonotmeses
Class 3 – Neurotmesis - 23Class 1 - NeuropraxiaCompression injuries, transient loss of sensation/function. Lasting several days – weeks. Demyelisation followed by remylination.
Usually no lasting clinical damage - 24Class 2 – AxonotmesesCrush, severe compression, degeneration of the axon – regeneration of axon – realignment of axon.
Likely sensory and motor defects distal to site - 25Class 3 – Neurotmesisaxons and connective tissue lacerated, ends not realligned.
Severe sensory, motor and autonomic defects
Información
- Descripción
- University Medicine, Surgery & Radiology Fichas sobre Neurological conditions - intro, creado por Morgan Morgan el 27/12/2014.
- Creado por
- Morgan Morgan
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