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Goegraphy - KEO - Going Global

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1IMFInternational Monetary Fund
1945 after WW2
Aim- reconstruct international payments and stabilise global economies
Began - 29 countries (paid into fund, could also borrow temporarily)
2012 - 188 countries are members
2Birth RateThe number of births per 1,000 people per year in a region
3Death RateThe number of deaths per 1,000 people per year in a region (a measure of mortality)
4Economic MigrantsA migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment
Migrants who already have jobs may set off in search of better pay, more regular pay, promotion or a change of career
5Internal MigrationThe movement of people between different regions within the same nation. E.g. Rural to urban migration.
6Intervening ObstaclesBarrier to a migrant such as political border of physical features
E.g. The Mediterranean for North Africans heading to Europe
Can include family pressure and travel costs
7Intervening OpportunityAn alternative migration destination that exists between the migrant's place of origin and intended destination
8Natural IncreaseIf the birth rate outweighs the death rate
Causes a rise in population
9Natural DecreaseWhen the death rate is higher than the birth rate, causing a decrease in population
10GlobalisationThe growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, freer international capital flows and more rapid widespread diffusion of technology
11Lengthening of ConnectionsProducts are being sourced from further away because of
- Transport
12Deepening of ConnectionsBetween people and places/areas in our lives due to
- Internet
- Skype
- Shared sport
13Economic GlobalisationThe growing transnational corporations (TNCs) with a global presence and brand images.
Includes the global spread of FDI and growth in world trade
TNCs also invest in other countries
14Cultural GlobalisationThis includes experiencing foods from different countries
McDonalds which is present in 120 different countries has 30,000 outlets
One other type is the occurrence of news in different countries, channels such as CNN show news from different countries
15Political GlobalisationThis is the dominance of western democracies in decision-making and the view that democratic, consumerist societies are the 'model' to which others should follow/aspire
China doesn't follow this, nor does North Korea
16Environmental GlobalisationThis type is the global environmental threats that require global solutions
E.g.
Climate change, terrorism, recession, Iceland ash cloud, over-fishing and pollution
17Demographic GlobalisationIncreased migration both internal and international across a number of different countries This also includes the mixing of different populations of different nationalities and ages
18Brain DrainWhen young, well-educated people leave a country, often to find better job opportunities
19European Union (EU) Open Door PolicyFree travel within Europe
Citizens of EU and their families have the right to work and live anywhere in the EU
Introduced in 1985 after Schengen Agreement
20Accelerated Globalisation: Free TradeRemoving trade tariffs and quotas has promoted easier and faster trade
21Accelerated Globalisation: International OrganisationsThe world trade organisation has promoted free trade and trade blocs have encouraged free trade within and between groups of countries
22Accelerated Globalisation: TNCsTNCs have shifted production to the developing world and created global connections and trade links
23Accelerated Globalisation: Communications TechnologySatellite and fibre optic communications have lead to growth of mobile phone and internet communications and falling communications cost
24Accelerated Globalisation: Transport TechnologyContainerisation since the 1960s has lead to increasingly cheap, automated and efficient method of transport
Ships can carry 9,000+ containers for high-value, low-volume goods and people
Cheap air travel has revolutionised transport
25Economic IndicatorsMeasurement of a countries wealth
Measured in US dollars
26Economic Indicators: GNPGross Domestic Product
Is the value of all goods and services earned by a country, including companies working abroad
27Economic Indicators: GDPGross Domestic Produce
Is the value of all goods and services earned by a country excluding foreign earnings (Their countries working abroad)
28Economic Indicators: Per CapitaStatistics provide an average 'per person' figure
E.g. GDP per capita means average income per person
29Economic Indicators: PPPPurchasing Power Parity
Relates average earnings to prices and what it will buy, because a dollar buys more in some countries than others
30Human Development Indicators (HDI)To balance the emphasis on economic data, the UN users indicates about human-well-being as a way of measuring progress
31HDI - PQLIPhysical Quality of Life Index
Includes life expectancy, literacy rates and infant mortality rates
The higher the score, the better the quality of life
Money spent on healthcare and education implies a higher level of development