20219973
Description
Flashcards by Fátima Reyes, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Fátima Reyes
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Maguire et al (2000) Correlational study. No variables were manipulated. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) doesn't have low ecological validity since it's only looking at structure. Sample is gender biased. | Aim: to determine if the brain of London taxi drivers would be different due to the intensive training the have to go through. Sample: 16 right-handed male London taxi drivers and 50 right-handed males non-taxi drivers. Procedure: they used a MRI to measure the density of grey matter and area of the hippocampus. Findings: taxi drivers had larger posterior hippocampus and smaller anterior hippocampus. This suggest that the hippocampus can adapt to the environment, and the posterior hippocampus would be involved when previously learned spatial memory is being used. Meanwhile, the anterior hippocampus may be more involved in learning new environmental layouts. |
| Milner et al (1968) HM Longitudinal Case study-50 years+ HM suffered from anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Surgery removed the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus, full of acetylcholine. HM had spatial, procedural and working memory but he could not acquire semantic or episodic knowledge. | Aim: to understand the effects that the removal of the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus had on HM. Method triangulation: interviews, direct observation, IQ testing, cognitive testing, MRI. Findings: the hippocampus plays an important role in consolidation of memory and transforming short-term memory into long-term memory. Memories are not stored in the hippocampus. Different brain areas are responsible for different types of memories. |
| Sharot et al (2007) Sample: 24 adults who were in NYC during 9/11. This sample is small and culturally biased (individualist cultures tend to show more flashbulb memories). Amygdala. Functional MRI | Aim: to determine the potential role of biological factors on recalling flashbulb memories. Procedure: participants were put into a fMRI and showed words they were asked to associate with Summer or September. Later they were asked to recall to rate their 9/11 memories in accuracy and intensity. Findings: participants closer to the WTC had more flashbulb memories and the amygdala presented more activity. For the rest, there was no significant difference. Hard to replicate. May lack ecological validity. Supports previous findings. Findings are correlational. |
| Weissman et al (2005) Kinship studies. 20 years+ Sample: 161 grandchildren, their parents and grandparents. Both high and low risk families. Depressed participants were chosen from a clinic and the rest from the same community. | Aim: to study the potential genetic nature of Major Depressive Disorders. Procedure: data was collected from clinicians, depression diagnoses and past interviews. Researcher triangulation was used. Findings: grandchildren of depressed participants showed higher rates of psychiatric disorders, most commonly anxiety. If a parent was depressed but there was no history of depression in the family children were less likely to be affected by depression. Lacks internal validity. Findings may be hard to generalise. No specific gene was studied. |
| Cadoret et al (1995) Adoption study Sample: 95 males adopted at birth in Iowa. This sample is highly biased. Ethical considerations. | Aim: to see if children adopted at birth from alcoholic or anti-social biological parents would have a greater tendency towards alcohol problems. Procedure: psychiatric testing of the adoptive parents, interviews with them and testing the adopted children for alcohol problems when they turned into adults. Findings: both factors made adoptees more vulnerable to alcoholism. Genotype was not studied. |
| Antanova et al (2011) Sample: 20 male adults. Gender biased and small sample. Without the fMRI, differences couldn't have been significantly observed. Participants reported being stress. Researcher bias and participant variability were avoided. | Aim: to determine if scopolamine affects hippocampal activity in the creation of spatial memory. Procedure: participants were randomly and double-blinded injected scopolamine or a placebo substance. fMRI studied their brain while they played in which their spatial memory creation and retention was tested, during 6 trials. After 3-4 weeks the experiment was repeated with the opposite injection. Findings: when injected with scopolamine, there was a reduction on hippocampal activity. Scopolamine group also made few more mistakes. Acetylcholine, found in the hippocampus, could play a role in formation of spatial memory. Lacks ecological validity. |
| Kendler et al (2006) Twin study. Correlational. Sample: 15,493 twin pairs in Sweden, all whose zygotic could be verified. Twins born between 1886 and 1958. | Aim: to determine the role that genetics play in major depressive disorder. Procedure: phone interviews in which participants were assessed depression levels, and asked about their shared environment and specific-individual environment. Findings: heritability of major depression was significantly higher in women and in monozygotic twins. No correlation between years twins lived together and lifetime major depression. No genes were isolated. Confirms previous research. Information self-reported may lead to bias. |
| Rogers and Kesner (2003) Sample: 30 rats. Not generalisable for humans. Hebb Williams Maze Establishes cause and effect. Reductionist approach. | Aim: to determine the role of acetylcholine in the formation of spatial memory. Procedure: randomly injected scopolamine or a saline solution directly into the hippocampus. Learning=errors on first trials in Day 1 VS last trial of Day 1. Retention and retrieval=Day 1 VS Day 2. Findings: scopolamine group took longer and made more mistakes. No significant difference in retention and retrieval. Acetylcholine and hippocampus may play a role on consolidation of spatial memory. |
| Draganski et al (2004) Sample: 21 females and 3 males. Small sample. MRI Low internal validity. Cause and effect established. | Aim: to test whether learning a new skill (juggling) would have an effect on the brains of participants. Procedure: MRI measuring grey matter. Jugglers were taught to juggle and after mastering the skill done another MRI. After 3 months of not juggling, another MRI. Findings: after learning the skill there was more grey matter in the mid-temporal are in both hemispheres (visual memory). After not practicing, grey matter was lost. |
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