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Flashcards by franziska.melzig, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by franziska.melzig
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Norman Britain, 1066-1300 | Norman Britain, 1066-1300 |
| Why did the Normans conquer England? | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| The Norman Conquest, 1066 -final years of Anglo-Saxon history dominated by problem of the succession of Edward the Confessor -penultimate Anglo-Saxon king of England, Edward, in fact grew up in exile in Normandy | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| -Why? Edward the Martyr -power struggles => fled to Normandy, came back in 1041 -duchy of Normandy: feudal duchy of France -originally, Viking chief Rollo was given the territories by the king of West Franks | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| -Edward, however, refused to produce a child, later became known as the Confessor and was made saint -Normans => Norsemen -built churches, cathedrals -centre of colonial movement | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| -two claimants to the throne: Harold & William -when Edward died childless, Godwin's son Harold claimed that Edward had promised him the crown on his deathbed | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| -another contender to the English throne; William, Duke of Normandy, the great-nephew of Emma, the mother of Edward the Confessor -he also claimed that Edward had promised him the throne -by some seen as true heir, but was illegimate child | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| King Harold I: when Harold was crowned king after Edward's death, William built ships and gathered an army to invade England | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| -threat of another invasion: King Harald of Norway together with Harold's brother Tostig tried to claim England back for the Norsemen - Norwegian army defeated by King Harold against Harald | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| -battle of Hastings on 14th October 1066 -1066 engraved on modern English consciousness like no other event in history -Europes best infantry and two-handed battle-axes | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| -tactical advantage: battle on a hill: English downhill, Normans uphill !King Harold killed, probably hit by an arrow (through the eye? Bayeux tapestry) | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| Bayeux tapestry: -needle work 17m x 50cm -events which lead to Norman Conquest -by William's half-brother | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| William I takes power: -winning one battle (Hastings) did not mean conquering entire island -consolidation of victory: brought many young nobles, who wanted to fight for their lands -occupied territories, frightened population | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| -William I: crowned at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066 -3 king year: Edward the Confessor, King Harold, William I | The Norman Conquest, 1066 |
| Describe the impact of the Norman Conquest on the British Isles. | Norman Britain |
| -victory of the Normans in 1066: brought revolutionary changes, first for the south of Britain, but later for the rest of the British Isles -probably no other conquest in European history has had such disatrous consequences for the defeated (A-S elite) | Norman Britain |
| -colonial character of society is obvious (Anglo-Saxons as second-class status, Normans invaded and claimed territories) -result of the NC: two-class society !clearly separated, nearly no intermarriages | Norman Britain |
| The Domesday Book, 1086: -shows basic outline of the English economy, charts its resources -lists seemed so complete reminded people of last judgement | Norman Britain |
| -Domesday book essential for the new king: documents that showed how rich his tenants were would be immensely valuable to him -only 40% free men -gave money to get king's land, ressources, goodwill | Norman Britain |
| England & Normandy: -once two seperate states, now became a single cross-Channel political community with a single Anglo-Norman aristocracy with the king as its leader | Norman Britain |
| -Normandy still duchy to France, was ruled by duke who swore his oath to French king =>England subordinate: inferior to France | Norman Britain |
| the rise of Feudalism: -William: effective way of dividing and controlling the country -king owned all land, divided it into "fiefs" -"fiefs" given to men who fought for his side | Norman Britain |
| -these men governed king's land -in return: lords/barons owed service to king => mostly military services -could not become strong&independent => no threat for king + standing military | Norman Britain |
| What happened to the English language? | English language |
| -French loan words -with the Norman-French of the Normans, influences from Romance languages entered English -the well-educated Englishman was trilingual (Eng+Fr+La) | English language |
| -Norman conquest created a French-speaking Elite -the class distinction shows in animals being given the Anglo-Saxon names, while their meat is called by Norman French name | English language |
| - cow & beef (from boeuf), pig & pork (porc) , sheep & mutton (mouton), chicken & poultry (poulet), calf & veal (veau) => !intermingling of languaged brought Middle English! | (cow-beef/boeuf, pig-pork/porc, sheep-mutton/mouton, etc.) |
| context: England in the 12th cent. -early 12th: Viking impulse waned, Scandinavians had largely adopted Christianity, less migration -but! history written by monks (view on wars & religion one-sided) | Context |
| late 12th: - British Issles formed part of a wider empire which also included Aquitaine - even king of Scotland paid homage to English king | Context |
| castle, church & borough: -instruments of empire -Castle: exemplified the realities of local power, function to overawe a subject population -it's estimated that the Normans built ca. one thousand castles in England alone | Castle, Church & Borough |
| -emphasis on spectacular buildings -castles were new invention by Normans -Church: to support Norman claims: local, hereditary priesthood replaced by a celibate clergy, more churches built -rural areas had better access to religion -Normanisation also through monastic order | Castle, Church & Borough |
| -Borough: as third element in colonial structure: new towns were established -attraction of towns: controllable markets -manor: most characteristic institution of medieval economy and society | Castle, Church & Borough |
| Education: -centralised country with plenty of bureaucracy needed many more people who could read and write (growing literacy => increased business through letters) -huge proliferation of records | Education |
| -some schools of higher learning in England by the late 12th century -by the 1220s two universities had been established: Oxford and Cambridge | Education |
| Economy: late 13th century economy: much of England's import-export business handled by foreigners (Italians, Flemings etc.) -major industries remained the same ones throughout the period -Eng far less-advanced than Flanders & Italy, largely stagnant economy | Economy |
| London: -already in 1330s, Henry I granted Londoners the right to choose their own sheriff, major and justice without interference from the Crown -City never in awe of the Crown, loans and gifts to the Crown as key to urban autonomy | London |
| 'Scotland', 'Wales', 'Ireland': still very much a geographical expression at the end of 11th century -Ireland: Norman Kings of England made no attempt to cross the Celtic sea -Scotland: rich mix of ethic groups (Gales, Picts, Normans, English) => many lordships | Normans beyond England |
| -Norman conquest of Wales: Flemish and English colonists, by the eraly 14th century much of the best land in Wales occupied by the Normans and their tenants | Normans in Wales |
| What is meant by "Norman Yoke"? | Norman Yoke |
| Historians on the Norman Conquest: -tendency among the historians: "domestication" of the Norman conquest: centralised state fundament -saw Norman Conquest as greatest disaster in English history: cruel, greedy conquerers | Norman Yoke |
| -conquerers oppressed Anglo-Saxons -"Norman Yoke": negative view in literature of Norman Conquest => focus on oppressive aspects of feudalism under William the Conquerer, his retainers and their descendants | Norman Yoke |
| Magna Carta 1215: -1202 King John had to give all Continental dominions to the King of France (John "Lackland"=> unpopular, "worst king ever") -1215: John forced by influential, rebelling aristocrats to sign a document | Magna Carta |
| -document: granted free men justice and fair trial, king had to obey the law now, limitation of feudal payments to Crown, implemented by council of 25 barons | Magna Carta |
| -1258: "Provisions of Oxford": barony initiated a far-reaching programme of reform, more participation -13th century: first occurence of the Parliment as assembly of magnates: king's need for taxation (under Henry III) | Magna Carta |
| English Monarchs: -William the Conqueror (1066-1087) aka William I aka William the Bastard -on his death bed divided his lands between his two sons, whereas Robert got Normandy, William Rufus got England | Monarchs |
| -Williams burial was a disaster: -fire in church -grave too narrow -tomb burst open => stench of cadaver | Monarchs |
| Henry II (1154-1189): -beginning of 'Plantagenet'-era, dynasty tool its name from the 'Planta Genesta' -Plantagenets would rule England for 331 years -son: Richard Lionheart | Monarchs |
| -Henry II: one of the most successful monarchs in English history, ruled not only England, but 2/3 France: also Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou & Duke of Aquitaine, thus England only part of his empire | Monarchs |
| -Edward I (1272-1307): -conquest of Wales successfully completed -not the first king to fight the Welsh, but carried it to new extremes, brutal military occupation | Monarchs |
| -Scotland: ancient monarchy, its king intermarried with English royal house, Edward started war, successful => removed their 'Stone of Scone' (for 400 years Sc. kings had been crowned on it) | Monarchs - Scumbag Edward I |
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