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Chest Pathologies and Appearances

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Medical Imaging (Imaging Pathology) Flashcards on Chest Pathologies and Appearances, created by Lexi Crosbie on 01/09/2017.
Lexi Crosbie
Flashcards by Lexi Crosbie, updated more than 1 year ago
Lexi Crosbie
Created by Lexi Crosbie almost 8 years ago
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Resource summary

Question Answer
Aspiration Definition: mechanical obstruction of the airway. Often FB's end up in Right main bronchus due to wider, sharper bronchus.
Anthracosis Definition: deposits of coal dust in the lungs. Appears as small opaque spots or conglomerate masses
Asbestosis Definition: a type of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of asbestos dust resulting in pulmonary fibrosis and often mesothelioma (cancer of the pleura). Appearance: calcified, well defined, irregular and radiolucent plaques within the pleura most common (bilateral especially at the bases and peripheral margins).
Atelectasis Definition: a condition in which collapse of all or a portion of a lung occurs as the result of obstruction of the bronchus or puncture of an air passageway. Appearance: due to less air in the lung than normal, the region appears more radio-dense and may cause mediastinal shift. Elevation of diaphragm or decreased spacing of the ribs.
Bronchiectasis Definition: an irreversible dilation of bronchi or bronchioles that may result from repeated pulmonary infection or obstruction. Areas of the bronchial walls are destroyed and become chronically inflamed, resulting in an increased production of mucus and a chronic cough. Appearance: increase in regional radiodensity.
Bronchitis Definition: an acute or chronic condition in which excessive mucus is secreted into the bronchi causing a cough and SOB. Appearance: usually involves lower lobes and in severe cases is demonstrated on x-ray by hyperinflation and more dominate lung markings.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Definition: form of persistent obstruction of the airways that usually causes difficulty in emptying the lungs of air i.e. asthma.
Cystic Fibrosis Definition: a hereditary disorder where secretions of heavy mucus cause progressive clogging of bronchi and bronchioles. Appearance: Increased radiodensities in specific lung regions with hyperinflation
Dyspnea Definition: shortness of breath which creates a sensation of difficulty in breathing. Generally caused by physical exertion or restrictive or obstructive defects within lungs.
Emphysema Definition: irreversible and chronic lung disease in which air spaces in the alveoli become greatly enlarged as a result of alveolar wall destruction and loss of alveolar elasticity. Air tends to not be expelled during expiration. Appearance: increased lung dimensions, barrel chest with depressed and flattened diaphragms obscuring costophrenic angles, and an elongated heart shadow.
Pleural Effusion Definition: condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity Appearance: fluid levels on erect CXR's, causing bunting of costophrenic angles.
Empyema Definition: collection of pus in the pleural cavity
Haemothorax Definition: collection of blood in the pleural cavity
Pleurisy Definition: inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs
Aspiration Pneumonia Definition: pneumonia due to aspiration of a FB.
Bronchopneumonia Definition: acute inflammation of the walls of the smaller bronchial tubes, with irregular areas of consolidation due to spread of inflammation into the peribronchiolar alveoli and the alveolar ducts of the lungs. Appearances: multi-focal spread, patchy opacifications over the lung field.
Pneumonia Definition: infection of the lung parenchyma causing inflammation of the lungs, resulting in an accumulation of fluid within certain sections of the lungs creating increased radiodensities in these regions.
Lobar Pneumonia Definition: pneumonia involving a single lobe of the lung. Can be caused by pneumococci bacteria and is usually onset when patients immune system is compromised. Appearances: patchy opacifications or ill-defined nodules of one lobe, possibly with a fluid level at the bottom of the involved lobe.
Interstitial / Viral Pneumonia Definition: a form of pneumonia which causes inflammation of a alveoli and connecting lung structures. Characterised by progressive scarring of both lungs. Appearance: often seen as increased radiodensities in the region around the hilar.
Pneumothorax Definition: accumulation of air in the pleural space that causes partial or complete collapse of the lung and results in immediate and severe SOB and CP. Appearance: -Erect: lung often being displaced from chest wall, no lung markings seen in region of collapsed lung. - Supine: deep sulcus sign at the bases of the lungs. Can be either Spontaneous of Tension (with mediastinal shift).
Pulmonary Edema Definition: condition of excess fluid within the air sacs of the lungs which is most commonly caused by a backup in pulmonary circulation (commonly associated with CHF). Appearance: seen as a diffuse increase in radiodensity in the hilar regions fading towards the periphery of the lung. May see: Kerley B Lines, Pleural Effusions, Batwing sign, fluid in the fissures.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome Definition: emergent condition in which the alveoli and capillaries of the lung are injured or infected, resulting in leakage of fluid and blood into the spaces between alveoli or into the alveoli themselves with formation of hyaline membranes.
Tuberculosis Definition: contagious disease caused by airborne bacteria. Can be primary (never had before) or secondary/ reactivation. Appearance: spherical, isolated lesions. - Primary: hilar enlargement, enlarged mediastinal lymphnodes - Secondary: usually in adults and looks like bilateral irregular calcifications that are mottled in appearance in the upper lobes.
Silicosis Definition: a permanent condition of the lungs caused by inhalation of silica dust. Appearance: show distinctive patterns for nodules and scarring densities on x-ray.
Fever Definition: an abnormally high body temperature, usually accompanied by shivering and a headache. Appearance: pockets of consolidation on x-ray
Sarcoidosis Definition: disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps (granulomas). Usually begins in lungs, skin and lymphnodes. Appearance: Kerley B lines
Congestive Heart Failure Definition: occurs when heart is unable to provide sufficient pumping action to maintain blood flow to the body. Appearance: enlarged heart, pulmonary edema, apical vasculature redistribution.
Left Ventricular Failure Definition: life threatening condition where the left side of the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body resulting in decreased oxygen supply to the rest of the body and vital organs. Appearances: cardiomegaly, cardio-thoracic ratio over 50%, pulmonary edema, increased lung markings (bat wings), Kerley B lines, Pleural Effusions.
Aortic Dissection Definition: serious condition in which a tear develops in the inner layer of the aorta. Blood surges through this tear into the middle later of the aorta, causing the inner and middle layers to separate. Appearance: widened mediastinum, double aortic contours, irregular aortic contour
Left Atrial Enlargement Definition: increase in the size of the left atrium from any condition that puts pressure on the heart i.e. hypertension, mitral stenosis, regurgitation, heart failure. Appearances: increased sub-carina angle, double density sign, oblique measurement is greater than 7cm, bump or convex border of the left atrial appendage.
Mediastinal Shift Definition: when the mediastinum is pushed or pulled potentially causing compression of a lung. Caused by trauma or a buildup in pressure. Tracheal shift indicates that the upper mediastinum has shifted and cardiac shift points to the lower mediastinum.
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