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| Question | Answer |
| What are the difficulties in face processing regarding Williams Syndrome? | Integrating multiple features, abnormal processing. Williams Syndrome do not use right hemisphere to process faces like typical people do |
| What are the language features of someone with Williams Syndrome? | Seem normal, but delayed in acquiring some aspects of language, seem to use more semantic information, less morphological information. |
| In Williams Syndrome what is found regarding sound? | EEG response to auditory stimuli seems to be hypersensitive, parents report sensitivity to sound |
| What is the problem with neuroanatomy research with Williams Syndrome? | All adult children, not relevant since behaviour develops in the developing brain. Doesn't tell us how it develops differently |
| Generally what is seen in adults with Williams Syndrome? | Smaller volume of brain overall, and grey matter, particularly cerebrum. Neurons are also abnormally arranged |
| What do syndromes having distinct facial tells us as a whole? | That we need to look at all aspects of a person, not just the brain |
| What do strong modularity theories imply? | Some functions are impaired and others are unimpaired, over imparied vs less impaired. Also consistent in infancy. |
| Who said development itself is key to understanding developmental disorders? | Karmiloff-Smith |
| What are the problem behavioural characteristics of someone with Fragile X? | Poor performance IQ compared to verbal IQ. Weakness in attention, verbal short term memory, planning and verbal fluency. Act similar to child with ADHD. |
| What is executive function? | a set of cognitive abilities that control and regulate other abilities and behaviors |
| Do Fragile X have a problem with or enhanced executive functioning? | Problem (attention, planning, etc) |
| What abilities are enhanced in Fragile X | Facial recognition, visual short term memory, syntax |
| Do patients with Fragile X have distinctive facial features? | Yes |
| What does drinking a lot of alcohol (binge or chronic alcoholics) during pregnancy cause a baby to have? | Foetal alcohol syndrome |
| What do distinctive facial features arise from in foetal alcohol syndrome? | Prenatal problems, slow growth and small head. |
| Despite from psychological problems, what general problems do those with foetal alcohol syndrome have? | Health problems |
| What are neural characteristics of someone with foetal alcohol syndrome? | Impaired executive function, particularly in attention |
| What are behavioural characteristics of someone with foetal alcohol syndrome? | Development delay, frontal lobe syndrome, including behavioural problems; aggression other social difficulties |
| How common is Williams syndrome? | Not common |
| Does William Syndrome have distinctive facial features? | Yes |
| What are the three factors of modularity? | Implications, arguments and dissociation |
| Does autism have distinctive facial features? | No |
| What is the triad deficits in autism? | Social interaction, social communication, imaginative behaviour |
| How do people Autism with look at social interaction? | Simply have no desire to interact with others, those with higher functioning learn to interact and go along with it |
| What causes have been identified for autism? | Some genetic markers, but not all involved, nothing concrete. |
| What was previously thought to cause Autism, and why has it been thrown out? | Not stimulating enough environment, but it has been disredited |
| What is Sigmon's theory of autism? | Lack theory of mind, mind blindness. Have specific social difficulties, could be the basis of the lack of theory of mind. |
| What do autistic people have a problem with and a benefit in? | Executive function, and benefit in central coherence tasks |
| What is key about the disabilities in Ausitics? | They vary |
| Who found monozygotic twins have a higher incidence rate of both having autism, than diozygotic? | Ronald et al. |
| What has found to be responsible for social difficulties and non-social difficulties? | Genetics, different for each |
| What are the results of Sally-Anne task with autistic? | Most have non-mentalising errors, but some don't have problems with it |
| What are neural characteristics of someone with autism? | Poor/reversed lateralisation, cerebullum affected, brain stem/cranial nerves |
| What could cause the poor/reversed lateralisation of ausitic people? | Language developing at an atypical rate |
| Thalidomide victims have higher risk of developing? | Autism, cerebullum, brain stem and cranial nerve link |
| In autism what causes distinctive facial features? | Other causes, ie other disorders |
| How is Williams syndrome seen to be a dissociation to austism? | Very sociable and appear to have good language, but deficits in visuo-spatial processing and non-verbal processing. |
| In Williams syndrome, what is facial processing like? | It seems normal but it is different |
| What is the genetic Williams syndrome? | Deletion on long arm of chromosome 7. |
| Regarding Williams Syndrome, there are claims of specific genetic deficits lead to, what? And what is the problems with these claims? | Specific phenotype features. Individuals can have only some of genes missing, and do not necessarily have correct deficits |
| Which disorders have a clear genetic cause? | Downs syndrome, Williams syndrome, fragile X syndrome |
| What is the most common genetic disorder, and is it heritable? | Downs syndrome, and it is not hertiable |
| Why does downs syndrome have the highest survival rate? | Gene which is copied is not important |
| What does down syndrome lead to an increased risk of? | Alizmers, heart problems, shorter life span |
| What are the distinctive features of someone with Down's Syndrome? | Facial features, tongue out due to tongue being weak and smaller mouth cavity |
| What are the neural characteristics of someone with downs syndrome? | Smaller temporal lobe (reflected in auditory problems) and bigger posterior areas (reflected in better visual) |
| What originally did down syndrome used to be seen as a learning disability? How has it changed? | Originally thought to be a general learning disability, but has proven not to be true due to having some enhanced abilities |
| What is the abilities of someone with down syndrome like? | Better visuo-spatial, but auditory, particularly short term auditory memory, is poor. Also have motor problems, reflected in speech |
| What are patients with downs syndrome have a higher risk of due to not having a social advantage? | Autism |
| What is the second most common genetic disorder, and is it heritable? | Fragile X and it is heritable. |
| What causes Fragile X? | When there is a break in the X chromosome |
| Which gender is more likely to suffer from Fragile X and why? | Boys, as they have two X chromosomes |
| Which gene is impaired in Fragile X, and what is it responsible for? How is it seen in the patient's brain? | FMRP gene, responsible for the growth of dendrites. Shown in different growth of brain. |
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