108657
Description
Flashcards by Emma Madden, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emma Madden
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Oppositional Reading | Opposing view to the writer |
| Preferred Reading | The way the writer would want the text to be viewed |
| Negotiated View | An on-the-fence view of the text |
| Neville Gwynne | We can only think in language, therefore, bad grammar means we are expressing something we don't mean, resulting in bad decisions, which leads to unhappiness |
| Universality Position | All humans share a common view of the world (conceptual primes) - reflectivist |
| Morpheme Realisation | 'racism', 'racist' etc |
| History of Political Correctness; Frankfurt, Fromm, CT | The Frankfurt School - school of neo-marxist thinkers established Fromm - first thinker that believed there was no difference between genders, but their differences were defined by their roles in society Critical Theory - the foundation of Political Correctness |
| David Crystal - Swimming Against The Tide | Change is like the sea; prescriptivism is going against it |
| Puttenham - 17th Century Prescriptivism | Usual speech of the court was to be the selection for Standard English |
| Jean Aitchison - Crumbling Castle optimum | This metaphor implies that English once reached an optimum. Yet this cannot be as not such date has been found |
| Jean Aitchison - A Web of Worries | Prescriptivists have a 'web of worry' about language change, which is formed from being 'entangled' in opinions that aren't true |
| Jean Aitchison - Damp Spoon Metaphor; informal, suit | Neither informal or formal speech is superior; they are both just intrinsically different We fit speech to suit the situation |
| Jessee Sheidlower Said That... | 'Descriptivist advice is an oxymoron' |
| Frank Palmer Said That... | 'What is correct and what is not correct is only a matter of what is accepted by society' |
| The Problem of Prescriptivism and Latin | Prescriptivism is formed from Latin, therefore some rules today do not make sense or translate into English, such as split infinitives |
| Jean Aitchison - The Damp Spoon Metaphor (2); laziness | This is the belief that English language has changed due to laziness. However, Aitchison says that no language is lazy other than drunken language, and English has certainly not changed because of this |
| Jean Aitchison - Infectious Disease Metaphor | Changes in Language are not random, because people pick up changes that they want |
| John Humphry's Prescriptivism; superfluous, pretention | -Humphys is against superfluous words, euphemisms, and the misuse of pronouns such as 'raise up'; -He says that these are pretentious and add nothing to our language |
| Lynne Truss- Eats, Shoots and Leaves | -'Proper punctuation is both the sign and the cause of clear thinking' -Punctuation argued as linguistic determinism |
| Perk of Prescriptivism | It provides a central Standard English, making it easier for people globally to communicate |
| Political Correctness Context; 1970s, movement | -Emerged in the 1970s in America; -Shared ground with the feminist movement of the time |
| Generic Masculine | The practice of using masculine forms of English to refer to all people |
| Norman Tebbitt, 1985 | Non-Standard forms of language are linked to crime This is plausible as inmates use non-standard language more than anyone else |
| Randolph Quick | Quick advocates teaching Standard forms in school as a form of social empowerment |
| 1362 | Under the reign of Edward III, English because the official language of England |
| Max Muller on Language Decay | 'The history of Aryan language is nothing but a gradual process of decay' |
| Sharon Goodman | -English has become conversational -Some people don't like this because they believe that this has made our language a device to manipulate one another |
| Against Political Correctness | PC has resulted in a loss of freedom in our expression |
| Great Vowel Shift As An Argument For Descriptivism | The Great Vowel Shift did not affect literacy rates or damage coherence of English |
| Lexifier | The most dominant language with an koin - Kerswill |
| Gratuitous Modifiers | Modifiers that are unnecessary, such as 'lady driver' and 'black lawyer' |
| Steven Pinker - The Euphemistic Treadmill | -Perforation and semantic changes; where euphemisms use their euphemistic values and become negatively viewed upon |
| Against Prescriptivism; succeeded | Many people have sought to standardise forms, but none have succeeded |
| Political Correctness - Context (2); War, discrimination | -PC stems back to World War I as a totalitarian ideology -Tries not to endorse any forms of discrimination |
| Rebuttals Against Political Correctness; Utilitarian, confusion, freewill | -The expense of the majority can be used for the minority -Causes confusion and philosophical contradictions - evasion of freewill in our self-reflexive modern era |
| Cultural Marxism | What PC objectively strives for - multiculturalism |
| General View on Political Correctness Today | PC has been debunked by many today as they believe it to be impractical and totalitarian in approach |
| Gender Neutral Terms | Usually occupational terms that do not mark out gender identities, e.g. 'police worker', 'firefighter' |
| Gate-Keeping Theory | What gets filtered into society's mainstream, governed by mass media or the state |
| Psycholinguistics | -The causes of change rooted with the minds of language users -Not to do with any external, societal influences -Mostly seen in phonological changes - easier forms of articulation are becoming the norms over time because of the subconscious decision to alter language |
| Ethnographic Methodologies | -Fieldwork in a certain context investigated -Data taken outside of natural context, such as interviews |
| Qualitative Research | Analysing examples of language use in detail and context |
| Quantitative | Statistical analysis of data that has been gathered |
| Chris Kramrae - Muted Group Theory | The pattern of inferior groups, who are not free to say that they wish as their language has been formulated by the dominant group in society |
| Synchronic & Diachronic Approaches | Ferdinand De Sassure |
| Sociolinguistic Study | Study of the external factors affect language |
| Swift and Miller's Pronoun Power Proposal | English Language only fits a white, male orthodoxy |
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