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Description
Flashcards by Izzy Noone, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Izzy Noone
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Augustine (354-430 CE) | Saw conscience as the law of God somehow written within us. However, in a Fallen world, it can and does, like the rest of creation, become corrupted by sin. |
| Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) | Aquinas saw the conscience as right reason, recta ratio, making morally good decisions. He divides the operation of conscience into two parts. |
| Synderesis | In Aquinas’ thinking, a God-given innate, infallible ability to distinguish right from wrong, |
| Conscientia | In Aquinas’ thinking, the process of judgement that acts on Synderesis and carries it out. |
| Prudence | In Aquinas’ thinking, the ability to recognise the effect our actions will have on others, and modify our behaviour accordingly. |
| “Vincible ignorance” | In Aquinas’ thinking, blameworthy ignorance. |
| “Invincible ignorance” | In Aquinas’ thinking, unavoidable ignorance. |
| Bishop Joseph Butler (1692-1752) | An Anglican bishop and a theologian. He can also be considered one of the ancestors of Intuitionism, because he saw conscience as a kind of moral intuition implanted by God in the human soul. |
| Cardinal John Henry Newman (1801-1890) | Believed that conscience is the voice of God, speaking to the human soul. |
| Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) | Reconceived the conscience as the “Superego”, whose primary concern is with the difference between appropriate and inappropriate behaviour. |
| Erich Fromm (1900- 1980) | A German social psychologist and humanist. Over the course of his lifetime, he developed two views of conscience. |
| The “authoritarian conscience”. | Fromm’s idea that a sense of right and wrong behaviour is instilled in children from an early age by authority figures - parents, teachers, etc. – acting through the medium of reward and sanction. |
| The “humanistic conscience”. | Fromm’s later understanding of conscience, according towhich we adjust our behaviour to conform to values such as integrity and honesty which will enable us to develop in a social context |
| Jean Piaget (1896- 1980) | Swiss-French thinker who believed that conscience develops in two stages: before and after the age of ten. |
| Heteronymous morality | Piaget’s understanding of conscience before the age of ten when children take their sense of right and wrong from their parents/ guardians and educators. |
| Autonomous morality | Piaget’s understanding of conscience after the age of ten, they begin to take charge of their own moral development to a much greater extent. |
| Psychopaths | People who lack a conscience |
| Adam Smith (1723-1790) | The Scottish economist and moral philosopher, credited with inventing the Ideal Observer Theory as an explanation of conscience. |
| The Ideal Observer | An internal voice that judges our actions. |
| The Ideal Observer Theory | An action, Y, is morally wrong if and only if an ideal observer, knowing and appreciating all the relevant facts, and having no mistaken beliefs about the matter under consideration, would morally disapprove of Y |
| David Hume (1711- 1776) | Also discussed the Ideal Observer Theory, only he thought it might be consistent with moral relativism. |
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