11013634
Description
Flashcards by Alyssa Elligson, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Alyssa Elligson
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| 2 factors contribute to complexity of measuring crime | (1) the inherently theoretical nature of "crime" as a construct (2)the practical knowledge of knowing where crime occurs, what to count & how to count it |
| Crime as a Theoretical Construct | first challenge is to agree on which acts are "criminal" & which are not |
| Structuralist Perspectives | -fall within scope of conflict theories (Marx) focus on unequal distribution of power in society - (class, race, gender) e.g. why are the possessions & consumption of intoxicants favoured by the Western European (alcohol) legal, while the intoxicants associate with "minorities"(cocaine, marijuana) illegal? |
| Positivist Perspectives | Fall within scope of Consensus Theories - (Durkheim) society functions through social bonds & collective beliefs & is characterized by widespread acceptance of values, norms & laws |
| Constructionist Perspectives | emphasizes the idea that life doesn't come with categories & labels & that we understand & define the world on the basis of our socialization & interactions with others |
| Integrationist Perspectives | combination of structuralist, positivist & constructionist -facilitating the inclusion of philosophy & sociology of law, empirical study of crime & its interpretation by those who control & implement the law |
| Crime Funnel | model indicating the actual total quantity of crime is much higher than the decreasing proportion that is detected, reported, prosecuted & punished (Process by which a crime becomes an "official crime statistic") |
| Clearance Rates | proportion of criminal incidents solved by the police (the crime is then cleared) |
| Victimless Crimes | actions (often consensual) that are ruled illegal but do not directly violate or threaten the rights of other individuals (e.g. consuming illicit drugs) |
| Sampling | in statistics, the selection of a subset of the population in a way that will allow the results of one's research to be generalizable to the population as a whole |
| UCR 2 | includes more detailed information on individual criminal incidents reported to the police, including victim, accused persons and incident characteristics (allows up to 4 different offences for each incident -multiple-event occurrences) |
| Crime Severity Index | based on total volume of police-reported federal statute offences (measure of the relative severity of overall crime) -violent CSI (relative severity of violent crime) |
| Trying to Capture a Moving Target | previous research can tell us about potential sources of error & the limitations of existing statistics that have implications for how they might be improved, society is changing, which means one is always trying to capture a target that is always moving |
| Security Hypothesis | idea that a change in the level of quality of security leads to a decrease in crime (e.g. installation of disabling and anti-theft devices in all new cars decreasing automobile theft) |
| Worldwide Levels of assaults have increased | 1. improvements have been made to Emergency medical care, led to increased number of assault victims surviving rather than dying (20-30 years ago) 2. young adults become less risk tolerant |
| Cybercrime | *highly prevalent in Canada (62%) reported experiencing at least 1 attempt by cybercriminals to steal their info (41%) reported money lost/unable to retrieve |
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