11174764
Description
Flashcards by Renee Conneway, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Renee Conneway
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| This design has one manipulated independent variable | Single-Variable Design |
| This design has two or more independent variables | Factorial Designs |
| This design does not have random assignment of subjects to groups or other strategies to control extraneous variables | Preexperimental Design |
| This design uses randomization and provides maximum control of extraneous variables, has the greatest internal validity | True Experimental Design |
| This design lacks randomization but employs other strategies to provide some control over extraneous variables | Quasi-Experimental Design |
| This is manipulated by the experimenter, also called the treatment, or X | Independent Variable |
| The group that is given the independent variable treatment(s) | Experimental Group |
| The group that does not receive the experimental treatment. Receives a different treatment or none at all. | Control Group |
| This design involves three steps: 1). Pretest measuring dependent variable. 2). Applying experiemental treatment to subjects. 3). Administering a posttest, measuring dependent variable. | One-Group pretest-posttest design (R)0-X-0 __________ (R)0-*-0 (P. effects are history and maturation) |
| This design uses two or more preexisting or intact (static) groups, only one of which is exposed to the experimental treatment | Static Group Comparison |
| This is a scientific investigation, in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables and systematically introduces changes, and observes. | Experiment |
| What are the three characteristics of an experiment? | 1) Independent variable is manipulated 2) All other variables are controlled 3) Effect of the ind. variable on the dependent variable is observed. |
| If two situations are equal in every respect except for a variable that is added to or deleted from one of the situations, any difference appearing between t he two situations can be attributed to that variable | Law of the single dependent variable |
| If two situations are not equal, but it can be demonstrated that none of the variables except the ind. variable is significant, then any difference occurring between the two situations after introducing a new variable to one of the systems can be attributed to the new variable | Law of the single significant variable |
| The extent to which the changes observed in a dependent variable are, in fact, caused by the independent variable in a particular experimental situations rather than by some extraneous factors. Basic requirement to draw correct conclusions from an experiment | Internal Validity |
| What are the 11 threats to internal validity? (MDS HIRED PMS) | Maturation, Diffusion, Subject Effect History, Instrumentation, Regression, Experimenter Effect, Differential Selection Pretesting, Mortality, Selection-Maturation Interaction |
| Specific events or conditions, other than the experimental treatment, may occur in the environment between the first and second measurements and may produce changes in the dependent variable (events occurring at same time as experiment) | History |
| Refers to changes (biological or psychological) that may occur within the subjects simply as a function of the passage of time | Maturation |
| Exposure to _______ administered before the experimental treatment may affect the subject's performance on a second test, regardless of the treatment | Pre-Testing |
| The _____ threat to internal validity is a result of the unreliability of the measuring instruments or a change in the instruments used during the study | Instrumentation |
| Refers to the well-known tendency for subjects who score extremely high or extremely low on a pretest to score closer to the mean (regression toward the mean) on a posttest, regardless of the treatment | Regression |
| Is a threat when there are important differences between the experimental and control groups even before the application of the experimental treatment, occurs when intact groups must be used (not randomized) | Differential Selection |
| This threat occurs when there is differential loss of participants from the comparison groups | Mortality |
| This threat involves unintentional effects that the researcher himself has on the study, example is gender, race, position | Experimenter Effect |
| Subjects attitudes developed in response to the research situation that can be a threat to internal validity | Subject Effect |
| Type of subject effect in which the subject knows they are in a research study | Hawthorne Effect |
| Type of subject effect in which the control group exerts extra effort | John Henry Effect |
| Type of subject effect in which subjects feel they are receiving less desirable treatment or being neglected | Compensatory demoralization |
| Occurs when participants in one group (typically the experimental group) communicate information about the treatment to subjects in the control group in such a way as to influence the latter's behavior on the dependent variable | Diffusion |
| What are 6 ways to deal with threats to internal validity? | Random Assignment Random Matching Homogeneous Selection Build Variables into Design Analysis of Covariance Using subjects as their own control |
| Explain this: 0-X-0 _________ 0-*-0 | Static Group Comparison -- Two intact groups, pretest both groups, apply the treatment to one group, nothing to second, administer a posttest to both groups (Pre-experimental Design) |
| 0= X= _____= *= (R)= (M) - | 0= Observation X=Treatment _______=Two or more groups *= Control group no treatment (R)= Random Assignment (M)= Matching Strategy |
| Explain this: 0-X-0 | One Group Pretest Posttest Design --Administer a pretest, apply the treatment, administer a posttest |
| What are the internal validity threats to the One-Group Pretest Posttest? | History, Maturation, Pretesting, Instrumentation, Selection-Maturation, Subject Effect, Experimenter Effect |
| What are the internal validity threats to Static Group Comparison? | Differential Selection, Selection-Maturation, Mortality, Subject Effect, Experiment Effect, Diffusion |
| Explain this: (R) - X - 0 ___________ (R) - *-0 | Posttest Only Control Group --Two randomly assigned groups, no pretest, apply the treatment to one group, nothing to the second, administer a posttest to both groups |
| What are the internal validity threats to PostTest Only Control Group? | Subject, Experimenter, and Diffusion could be threats depending on study |
| Explain this: (M)-X-0 __________ (M) - * - 0 | Matched Random Posttest Only Control Group --Uses a matching strategy to assign subjects to groups, no pretest, apply the treatment to one group, nothing to second, administer a posttest to both groups |
| What are the internal validity threats to Matched Posttest Only Control Group? | Subject, Experimenter, and Diffusion could be threats depending on study |
| Explain This: (R)0-X-0 __________ (R)0-*-0 | Pretest Posttest Control Group -- Two randomly assigned groups, pretest, apply treatment to one group, nothing to second, administer posttest to both groups |
| What are the internal validity threats to Pretest Posttest Only Control Group? | Subject, Experimenter, and Diffusion could be threats depending on study. |
| Explain this: (R)0-x-0 __________ (R)0-*-0 __________ (R)*-X-0 | Solomon Three Group --Three randomly assigned groups, pretest to two groups, apply the treatment to two groups, administer a posttest to all groups |
| What are the internal validity threats to Solomon Three Groups? | Subject and Experimenter Effect, and Diffusion could be |
| Explain this: (R)0-X-0 __________ (R)0-*-0 _________ (R)*-X-0 __________ (R)*-*-0 | Solomon Four Group --Four randomly assigned groups, pretest to two groups, apply the treatment to two groups, administer a posttest to all groups |
| What are the internal validity threats to Solomon Four Groups? | Subject and Experimenter Effect, and Diffusion could be |
| Explain this Quasi-Exp Design: 0-X-0 ______ 0-*-0 | Nonrandom Control Group Pretest Posttest --Two intact groups, pretest, apply the treatment to one group, nothing to second, administer a posttest to both groups |
| What are the internal validity threats to Nonrandom Control Group Pretest Posttest? | Regression could be Differential Selection, Selection-Maturation, Subject Effect, Experimenter Effect, and Diffusion are threats |
| Explain this: B-C-D A-D-B D-A-C C-B-A | Counterbalance Design |
| What are the internal validity threats to Counterbalance Design? | Differential Selection could be Selection Maturation, Subject Effect, Experimenter Effect, and Diffusion are threats |
| Explain this: 01-02-03-04-X-05-06-07-08 | One Group Time Series Design |
| What are the internal validity threats to One Group Time Series Designs? | History, Subject Effect, and Experimenter Effect. Instrumentation could be |
| Explain this: 01-02-03-04-X-05-06-07-08 ___________________________ 01-02-03-04-*-05-06-07-08 | Control Group Time Series Design |
| What are the internal validity threats to the Control Group Time Series Design? | Subject and Experimenter Effects, Diffusion could be. |
| This is the extent that the results of an experiment can be generalized to different groups, settings, and measuring instruments. | External Validity |
| What are the three types of external validity? | Population External Validity, Ecological External Validity, and External Validity of Operations |
| This external validity is related to the way subjects are selected for a study | Population External Validity |
| What is a threat to population external validity? | Interaction between subject characteristics (ie. volunteers or differences) |
| This external validity is able to generalize the results of the research to other situations, considers the environment in which the research was done. | Ecological External Validity |
| What are the threats to Ecological External Validity? | Any interaction of the treatment with the experimental setting threatens ecological external validity. Examples are pretests, Hawthorne Effect, John Henry Effect, Novelty Effect, Experimenter Effect |
| This external validity asks if similar results would be expected from different investigators with different operational definitions/procedures. | External Validity of Operations |
| What are the 6 threats to external validity? | Selection Treatment Interaction Pretest-Treatment Interaction Setting - Treatment Interaction Subject Effects Experimenter Effects Operational Definitions |
| How can you deal with threats to external validity? | 1) Random sample population 2)Identify relevant characteristics of population and determine impact 3)Control interactions 4) Clearly stated operational definitions 5) Replicate the research in new setting |
| A study is ______ to the extent that the effect of influences, beyond the experimental variable, has been removed or minimized | Internally Valid |
| A study is _______ to the extent that the subjects, experimental arrangements, and procedures are representative of the target setting, thus making results generalizable. | External Validity |
| ______ is a pre-requisite for external validity | Internal Validity |
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