11730353
Description
Flashcards by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Grace Fawcitt
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Researcher | Research Area, Findings, and Conclusions |
| Cheniaux et al. 2009 | Inter-rater reliability Comparison of two psychologists who had to independently diagnose 100 patients P1- DSM: 26, ICD: 44 P2- DSM: 13, ICD: 24 |
| Cheniaux et al. 2009 | Criterion validity Comparison of two psychologists who had to independently diagnose 100 patients with the DSM and ICD Diagnosed nearly half as many with the DSM as with the ICD Diagnostic systems don't reach same conclusions |
| Buckley | Co-morbidity Depression: 50% Substanceabuse: 47% PTSD: 29% OCD: 23% |
| Longenecker | Gender Bias Men more likely to be diagnosed, however this may be because women are under-diagnosed as they can function better and don't display symptoms as obviously. This questions the validity of the diagnosis systems |
| Gottesman | Concordance rates 47% in MZ twins 17% in DZ twins 6% in siblings 1% in population Suggests some genetic basis, but not sole cause |
| Ripke 2014 | Candidate genes Meta-analysis which found 108 gene combinations linked to schizophrenia, with some coding for dopamine |
| Curran et al. 2004 | Role of dopamine agonists Found people who took amphetamines produced schizophrenic positive symptoms, like delusions Supports role of hyperdopaminergia |
| Tauscher 2014 | Role of dopamine antagonists Found positive schizophrenic symptoms in people who took anti-psychotics were reduced Supports the role of hyperdopaminergia |
| Ripke 2014 | Role of glutamate Found that genes associated with schizophrenia sometimes coded for glutamate, not dopamine. This means that the dopamine hypothesis is not the sole cause of schizophrenia |
| Jukel | Neural correlates and negative symptoms Found low levels of activity in the ventral striatum of schizophrenic patients. The lower the activity, the severer the symptoms |
| Fromm-Reichmann 1948 | Schizophrenogenic mother Interviewed schizophrenic patients, many of which reported cold and dominant mothers. Suggested a schizophrenogenic mother caused secrecy, conflict and paranoia, hence causing the onset of schizophrenia |
| Bateson 1972 | Double bind theory Faulty communication in families caused patients to develop strategies to avoid the double bind situation, leading to symptoms like the flat effect, social withdrawal and avolition |
| Berger 1965 | Supporting evidence for the double bind theory Found schizophrenic patients reported higher levels of double bind situations than non-schizophrenic patients |
| Liem 1974 | Opposing evidence for double bind Communication styles in families with and without a schizophrenic family member was the same. The double bind theory cannot be the sole cause of schizophrenia |
| Kavanagh 1992 | Negative expressed emotion Relapse rates in patients who returned to high levels of NEE was 48%, while those who returned to low levels of NEE was 21% |
| Stirling | Lack of central control Schizophrenics took twice as long to do the Stroop test |
| Thornley 2003 | Typical drug therapy effectiveness Compared effects of chlorpromazine to a placebo and found the drug to improve functioning, reduce relapse rates, and reduce symptom severity |
| Meltzer 2012 | Atypical drug therapy effectiveness Clozapine effectively cured 30-50% of treatment resistant patients |
| NICE | CBT effectiveness CBT was more effective than drug therapy, improving functioning, reducing relapse rates and decreasing severity of symptoms |
| Jauhar 2014 | CBT effectiveness CBT only had small therapeutic effect, and the effect disappeared if the researcher didn't know which patients underwent CBT. This suggests CBT isn't that effective |
| Pharoah 2010 | Family therapy Found it increased compliance to medication and decreased relapse rates |
| Azran and Ayllan 1968 | Token economies Found women who did token economy systems exhibited the desired behaviours, hence indicating token economies were effective |
| Meehl | Diathesis-stress model Created the original diathesis-stress model for schizophrenia, including the schizogene and schizotypic personality, and the stress as a trigger |
| Houston 2008 | Diathesis-stress model Suggested vulnerability was childhood sexual trauma, and trigger was smoking cannabis |
| Tienari | Diathesis-stress model Children with schizophrenic biological mothers and adoptive mothers who exhibited NEEs were most likely to develop schizophrenia. Combination of genes and external factor to cause onset. |
| Tarrier | Interactionist treatment Compared CBT+drugs, counselling+drugs, and just drugs, and found the combinations to be more effective |
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