125929
Description
Flashcards by Kate Caldwell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kate Caldwell
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The Renal Pelvis is the beginning of what? | The ureter |
| Efferent Nerves | Motor nerves that carry impulses to the muscle |
| Afferent Nerves | Nerves that carry impulses to the sensory organs |
| What is the major function of the kidney? | Filter waste products of metabolism |
| What percentage of Cardiac Output passes through the kidneys each minute? | 25% |
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | Nephron |
| How much fluid should we ingest daily? | 2000 mL |
| What is the Crede method? | Manually massaging the bladder to release fluids |
| What is the normal, hourly urination rate for adults? | 30 mL/hr |
| How much does the adult bladder hold? | 600-1000 mL |
| What is a diuretic? | Caffeine, makes you pee |
| What is an antidiuretic? | Antihisamines, cause you to retain water |
| What bacteria causes UTIs? | E.Coli |
| Why are women at a greater risk for UTIs? | They have a shorter urethra |
| What are some symptoms of UTIs? | dysuria (painful urination), flank pain, blood in urine, fever |
| What is the major problem with incontinence? | Puts you at risk for skin breakdown |
| What is Total Incontinence? | AKA neurogenic. Can't hold anything |
| What is stress incontinence? | Caused by weakened muscles, with age or pregnancy |
| A reservoir bag enters where? | The abdomen |
| A nephrostomy bag enters what? | Through the back to enter the kidneys |
| Large prostate means what? | More frequent urination |
| Intake should equal what? | Output! |
| What is a clean void/midstream urine collection? | Wipe 3 times, pee a little, stop, then collect remainder |
| What should a normal urine pH be? | 4.5 |
| When should you clamp a foley? | If it is raised above patients head. It should always be kept BELOW the bladder |
| How often should you empty the foley? | PRN, or q8h |
| How often do you insert a catheter for women? | 2-3 inches |
| How far should you insert a catheter for men? | 3-4 inches |
| What is the ultimate urinary goal? | To void every 3-4 hours with 250-500 mL voided |
| Where does the GI tract begin? | At the mouth, and it extends to the anus |
| What are the three parts of the small intestine? | Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum |
| Which part of the SI absorbs carbs? | Jejunum |
| Which part of the SI absorbs fats? | Ileum |
| What are the 3 main functions of the Large Intestine? | Absorption, secretion, and elimination |
| Which patients should NOT bear down? | Cardiac and those with glaucoma |
| Which two things can increase peristalsis? | Anxiety, Exercise |
| What two things can slow peristalsis? | Depression, low activity level |
| What can cause bowel sounds to be eliminated for 24 hours? | Anesthesia |
| What type of medication is known to cause diarrhea? | Antibiotics |
| According to the Bristol Stool Chart, poop should be number 4, and diarrhea would be number? | Diarrhea is #7 |
| Constipation is defined as what? | Less than 1 stool every 3 days |
| What should a healthy stoma look like? | Beef red |
| An iliostomy enters what organ and produces what kind of stool? | Enters SI, produces liquid stool |
| A colostomy enters what organ, and produces what kind of stool? | Enters LI, produces semi-solid stool |
| What does a Fecal Occult Blood Test test for? | Blood in poop! Be sure not to eat red foods before |
| How soon does an enema produce a BM? | Within 15 minutes |
| Which enema would you use for children and infants? | Normal saline |
| Which age group has the highest water composition, which has the lowest? | Highest water composition is in infants, the lowest is in the elderly |
| What are the 4 major cations of the body? | Sodium, Potassium, Total Calcium, Magnesium |
| What are normal Na+ values? | 125-145 mEq/L |
| What are normal K+ values? | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
| What are normal Total Ca2+ levels? | 8.5-10.5 mg/dL |
| What are normal Mg+ levels? | 1.5-2.5 mEq/L |
| What's an example of active transport in the body? | Na+/K+ pump |
| Which movement process involves a solvent like water? | Osmosis. Goes from low concentration to high concentration |
| Which movement process involves a solute like Na+? | Diffusion. Goes from high concentration to low concentration |
| What are the 4 organs for fluid loss? | GI tract, Lungs, Kidneys, SKin |
| What's the difference between sensible and insensible water loss? | Sensible: is perceived, usually perspiration. Insensible: NOT perceived, usually occurs with fever or burns. |
| Osmolarity is what? | Concentration of solutes IN THE CELL |
| Osmolality is what? | Concentration of solutes IN THE BODY FLUID |
| Solution that is more concentrated than blood? | Hypertonic |
| Solution that is less concentrated than blood? | hypotonic |
| Solution that is the same concentration as blood? | Isotonic |
| What are the two kinds of fluid imbalances? | Volume Imbalance and Osmolality Imbalance |
| A volume imbalance involves disturbances in which fluid? | ECF |
| Hypovolemia has which signs and symtpoms? | Decreased vascular volume. Low BP, High HR (but weak), flat jugular vein |
| Hypervolemia has which signs and symptoms? | Increased vascular volume. High BP, Low HR (but bounding), distended jugular vein. May also cause edema and crackles in lungs |
| Osmolality Imblanaces involve which fluids? | Body fluids |
| Hypernatremia is what? | Water deficit |
| What happens in hypernatremia? | Lose more water than salt, or gain more salt than water. Water LEAVES the cell, the cell SHRIVELS. Causes lethargy, confusion, thirst, restlessness |
| What two events cause clinical dehydration? | Hypernatremia and Hypovolemia |
| What is hyponatremia? | Water intoxication |
| What happens in Hyponatremia? | Gain of more water than salt, or loss of more salt than water. Water ENTERS cell, causing it to SWELL. May cause apprehension, nausea, vomiting, or headache |
| Arterial pH measures what concentration? | H+ |
| A low H+ concentration means what kind of pH? | High pH (basic) |
| What should normal blood pH be? | 7.35-7.45 |
| How can the lungs control pH? | If H+ concentration is high (acidosis), the RR will increase to expel more CO2. If the H+ concentration is low (alkalosis), the RR will decrease to retain more CO2 |
| How do the kidneys control pH? | Reabsorb bicarbonate (base) if there is an acid excess and expel it if there is an acid deficit |
| Are the lungs or the kidneys faster at modifying pH? Which is more efficient? | Lungs are faster, kidneys are more efficient |
| What does a weight gain of 2.2 lbs or more in 24 hours mean? Loss? | Gain: ECF excess. Loss: ECF deficit |
| When dehydrated, what happens to hematocrit level? | Hematocrit increases |
| What does a hypotonic IV solution do? What's an example? | Moves fluid INTO the cells, causing enlargement. 0.45% NS |
| What does an Isotonic IV solution do? What are examples? | Expands fluid volume in body. Lactated Ringer's, 0.9%NS, D5W |
| What does a hypertonic IV solution do? What are examples? | Pull fluid from the cells. D5/0.9%NS, D5/0.45%NS |
| What is our primary regulator for water intake? | Thirst |
| Respiratory Acidosis | Rentention of CO2 by lungs |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | Deficit of CO2 by the lungs |
| Metabolic Acidosis | Decreased ability of the kidney to excrete acid or conserve base |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | Decreased ability by the kidney to excrete base or conserve acid |
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