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| Question | Answer |
| realism | accepts that the world is real and we get knowledge from the world |
| idealism | denies the world is real, but we do have true ideas |
| skepticism | denies that the world is real and we do not have real knowledge |
| Pythagoras of Samos | invented the term philosophy |
| philosophy | "philia tes sophia"; love of wisdom |
| mysticism | combines spirituality and the search for truth |
| First Cause | the ultimate explanation of reality |
| epistemology | study of knowledge |
| Process of Abstraction | gaining knowledge by "pulling it out" from the world; has two parts: Act of Sensation and the Act of the Intellect |
| corporeal | physical body |
| phantasm | realist term for memories; "present to the mind" |
| ultimate propositions | starting points for knowledge |
| first principles | self-evident proposition that is immediately grasped by the intellect |
| intelligere (intellect) | to read what is inside |
| Correspondence Theory of Truth | an objective theory of truth since ideas are correlated with objects outside the mind |
| accident | a nonessential property; quality secondary to a things essence |
| cogitative | pertaining to human knowledge |
| corruption | ceasing to be of a thing; from being to non-being |
| custom | David Hume's concept that refers to the principle by which humans come to believe that things are connected, although reason cannot find any connection |
| determined | not free |
| existential | pertaining to the existence of a thing |
| form | a shape or pattern of a thing |
| genus | a class, kind, or group marked by common characteristic(s) |
| hylomorphism | "matter/form"; indicates the unified nature of composite substances |
| incorporeal | immaterial; no physical body |
| incorruptible | immortal; cannot not exist |
| generation | the coming to be of a thing; from non-being to being |
| innate | something that is within |
| liberty | free will |
| matter | that in which or out of which change takes place, and which remains present throughout the change |
| metaphysics | "beyond the physical"; refers to anything immaterial |
| nature | the inherent character of a person or thing |
| necessity | that which cannot be other than it is |
| perception | sensation |
| purpose | whether or not something has an internal direction, plan, or design |
| quiddity | "whatness"; whatever makes something to be the specific kind of thing it is |
| species | a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name; a sensible object |
| Rene Descartes | French philosopher who attend Jesuit Universities; father of the modern scientific method |
| scholasticism | what is taught in the schools |
| absolute truth | truths that are undoubtable |
| Methodic Doubt | The systematic refusal to accept as true and certain anything in the contents of the mind which can even be the slightest bit doubtful. |
| cogito, ero sum | "I think, therefore I am"; how Decartes gets out of doubt; if you think, then you are active and doing something, then you can be certain you exist |
| Decartes's melting wax | First: the wax is hard, colored, smelled sweet, and made a sound when struck. Second: the melted wax was soft, clear, had no smell or taste, and made no sound when struck. The idea of wax has not changed. Therefore, your senses have deceived you. |
| Ontological Argument | ontos = being; proves the existence of God from the idea of God; we are imperfect and the idea of God is perfect, and perfect ideas cannot come from imperfect ideas (only a perfect being can come up with the idea of a perfect being, that being being God |
| clear and distinct ideas | are true and certain |
| Idealist Theory of Knowledge | When you see an object, say a baseball, you create an image of that object in your mind (imagination). Your mind can then make clear and distinct judgments, ex. the baseball has mass, weight, and shape. |
| impressions | immediate data of sense experience; that is, the actual feeling in our hands, the flavor on our tongue, the sound in our ears, the light in our eyes, smell in our nose. |
| ideas (skepticism) | the copies, or faint images of impressions in thinking and reasoning; that is, all of our ideas are copies or faint images of things we have experienced |
| salon | gathering of people under the roof of an inspiring host, held partly to amuse one another and partly to refine the taste and increase the knowledge of the participants through conversation |
| Enlightenment | time when scientists, like Newton, thought we, humans, could solve all the mysteries of the universe |
| Post-Enlightenment | time when people, like Humes, thought human minds were weak and we can't possible solve the mysteries of the universe |
| nonsense | not sensed |
| British Empirical School | British philosophers that had a similar idea about the senses |
| Skeptic's Theory of Knowledge | We sense what is around us, and they give us an impression. This impression is stored as a faint idea. |
| Relations of Ideas | a proposition that is demonstratively certain, ie. geometry and mathematics |
| Matters of Fact | all other contents of the mind; copies of our sense experience |
| a priori | prior to |
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