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| Question | Answer |
| Cell Theory | one of the major theories of biology; states that all organisms are made up of cells and cells come only from pre-existing cells. |
| Plasma membrane | Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from the cell. |
| Selectively permeable | having degrees of permeability; the cell is impermeable to some substances and allows others to pass through at varying rates |
| cytoplasm | Contents of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane that contains the organelles |
| Organelles | Small membranous in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells having a specific structure and function |
| eukaryotic cell | type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles |
| Nucleus | Membrane-bounded organelle that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of its cell |
| Prokaryotic cell | type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles |
| Plasma membrane | outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules; plasma surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from the cell |
| cytoskeleton | maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts; internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments |
| Microtubules | cylinders of protein molecules present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella; small cylindrical structure that contains 13 rows of the protein tubulin around an empty central core; component of the cytoskeleton; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella |
| Intermediate filaments | protein fibers that provide support and strength; rope-like assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells |
| Actin filaments | protein fibers that play a role in movement of cell and organelles |
| Centrioles | short, cylinders of microtubules |
| Centrosome | Microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles |
| Lysosome | vesicle that digests macromolecules and even cell parts; membrane-bound vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules |
| Vesicle | Membrane-bounded sac that stores and transports substances |
| Cytoplasm | semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles |
| Nuclear envelope | double membrane with nuclear pores that encloses nucleus |
| Chromatin | diffuse threads containing DNA and protein |
| Nucleous | region that produces subunits of ribosomes |
| Rough ER | studded with ribosomes, processes proteins |
| Smooth ER | Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules |
| Ribosomes | particles that carry out protein synthesis; RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| Mitochondrion | organelle that carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules |
| Polyribosome | string of ribosomes simultaneously synthesizing same protein |
| Golgi Apparatus | Processes, packages, and secretes modified cell products |
| Fluid-mosaic model | Model for the plasma membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid bilayer; working description of membrane structure |
| Diffusion | random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, until they are equally distributed; passive way for molecules to enter/exit the cell |
| Osmosis | net movement of water across (through) a semipermeable membrane, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Tonicity | refers to the osmotic characteristics of a solution across a particular membrane, such as red blood cell membrane |
| hyptotonic | If the solution is _________, the cell gains water |
| Hypertonic | If the solution is ____________, the cell loses water |
| Osmotic pressure | Measure of the tendency of water to move across a selectively permeable membrane; visible as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration |
| facilitated transport | Use of plasma membrane carrier to move a substance into or out of a cell from higher to lower concentration; no energy required |
| active transport | movement of a molecule across a plasma membrane from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; uses a carrier protein and energy |
| Phagocytosis | Process by which amoeboid-type cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole. |
| Chromosomes | Chromatin condensed into a compact structure |
| Nuclear pores | Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus |
| Endomembrane system | A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell |
| coenzymes | Nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound |
| Glycolysis | Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain to two ATP molecules |
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