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Description
Flashcards by Amar Malik, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Amar Malik
almost 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What was probably the first living organism on Earth? | A cell |
| What is the control center of the cell? | Nucleus |
| What organelle in the cell is the center for photosynthesis? | Chloroplast |
| Osmosis | Process in which free water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane |
| Photosynthesis | A way in which producers take energy rich molecules from the Sun and convert it into food. |
| What is the purpose of cellular respiration? | To release energy from food in the presence of oxygen |
| Chromosome | A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of most living things, carrying genetic information in genes |
| What are the base pairing rules for DNA? | A=T C=G |
| How many strands is a RNA molecule? | 1 |
| What is the fundamental unit of matter? | Atom |
| What do organic molecules contain? | Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen Atoms |
| What is an enzyme? What is normally it's "ending"? | A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed or altered. It normally ends in "ase" |
| What is the main source of energy for plants and animals? | Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration |
| What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes have a nucleus while eukaryotes don't have a nucleus. |
| What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? | Mitosis is for growth and maintence while meiosis is for sexual respiration. Mitosis produces two identical "daughter" cells from a single parent, and meiosis makes egg and sperm for male and female. |
| What are the stages of meiosis? | G1 Phase S Phase G2 Phase |
| G1 Phase | First Growth Stage Cell increases in size Cell prepares to copy its DNA |
| S Phase | Copying of all of DNA's instructions Chromosomes duplicated The stage in which cells spend most of their time in |
| G2 Phase | Time between DNA synthesis and mitosis Cell continues to grow Needed proteins produced |
| A normal human diploid cell contains how many chromosomes? | 2 |
| Who come up with the modern system of classification? | Carolus Linnaeus |
| What are the two parts of a specific name? | Genus Species |
| What is a phenotype? | The physical characteristics in words. |
| Which of the blood types would be called the universal blood donor? | O |
| Who do males inherit sex-linked recessive traits from? | Father |
| What does a Punnet Square show you? | The likely genotypes of your offspring |
| Who was the father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| What is the approximate age of the Earth? | 6.5 billion years old |
| What gases were present in the early atmosphere? | Greenhouse Gases |
| How do dehydration and hydrolysis affects proteins? | Dehydration causes cells to shrink (crenation). Hydrolysis causes cells to burst (lysis) |
| Carbohydrates | C:H:O ratio is 1:2:1 Monomer: Monosaccharide Examples are glucose, fructose, and galactose Used to store energy and helps with structure of plants and chitin |
| Lipids | CHO is grater than 2:1 H:O ratio Monomer: Fatty acid and glycerol Examples are butter, soft margarine, olive oil Used for high calorie foods, energy storage. Protects cells and is chemical messengers. |
| Ozone | A colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing properties |
| What are some examples of fossils and where are they most commonly found? | Some examples of fossils are shells, bone, teeth, or woody stem. They are found in sedimentary rocks |
| Adaptation | Helps an organism survive better in its enviorment |
| If an organism is well suited to its environment what is true about them? | The organism would be well-adapted |
| What is the raw material for natural selection? | Variation |
| What is an example of a vestigial structure? | The pelvis and femur of a dolphin |
| What are the different types of active transport? Passive transport? | Active Transport: Sodium-Potassium Pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis Passive Transport: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | Types of protein which transports sodium and potassium ions up the concentration gradient. |
| Endocytosis | The process by which molecules or particles are engulfed by the cell membrane and drawn with the cell |
| Exocytosis | The process by which molecules or particles from the inside of the cell are released to the outside of the cel |
| Diffusion | When molecules move down their concentration gradient |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Molecules are assisted down their concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins |
| What’s the difference between homologous and analogous structures? | Homologous structures are similar structures but different functions, while analogous structures have similar functions but differ in structure |
| Who came up with the first classification system and what was it? | Aristotle came up with the first classification system. He did it by dividing organisms into plants and animals and then divide it by their habitat. |
| Plant | Multicellular and Autotrophic. Absorbs sunlight to make glucose. Cell walls made of cellulose |
| Animal | Multicellular, intestine heterotrophs. Feeds on cellulose of plants or animals |
| Fungus | Multicellular, absorptive heterotrophs Cell walls made of chitin |
| Protisita | Most are unicellular and some are multicellular. Some are autotrophic while others are heterotrophic |
| Eubacteria | Some may cause disease and they are found in all habitats beside harsh ones Important decomposers for the environment |
| Archaebacteria | Probably the 1rst cell to evolve and lives in harsh environments |
| How can we classify bacteria? | By shape. Spherical, rod, spiral, comma, corkscrew |
| Cell | The basic unit of life’s |
| What are the parts of a DNA molecule? | Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine |
| What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein? | mRNA |
| DNA replication | Occurs in all living organisms and takes place in the nucleus. One double stranded molecules turns into two identical copies |
| Abiotic | Non-living |
| Biotic | Living |
| Ecosystem | Collection of organisms and their environment |
| Homozygous | Same allele |
| Recessive | Lowercase letter; weaker allele |
| Heterozygous | Different alleles |
| Dominant | Capital letter; stronger allele |
| Genotype | A pair of alleles that each code for a trait |
| What are the seven levels of classification? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Ordee, Family, Genus, Species |
| List the steps of the scientific method | Identify a Problem State observations about problem Form a hypothesis Design an experiment to test the hypothesis Collect Data Form a conclusion Retest |
| What is the difference between independent and dependent variables? | Dependent variables are affected by independent variables. For example, the number of people in the population (dependent variable) depend on the time of year (independent variable) |
| Hypertonic | A lot of solute concentration; little water |
| Hypotonic | Little solute concentration; a lot of water concentration |
| Isotonic | Same solute and water concentration |
| Does talking to plants help them grow? | Talking to plants do not help them grow. According to science, it has no affect on plants |
| What’s the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? | Aerobic respiration requires oxygen whole anaerobic respiration doesn’t |
| What causes muscle fatigue when exercising? | A decline in muscle forces generated over time. |
| What happens in Meiosis 1 and Meiosos 2? | In Meiosis 1, the homologous pairs separate, while in Meiosis 2, the sister chromatids separate. |
| What forms of evidence support the theroy of evolution? | Fossils Biogeography Anatomical Structures Comparative Embryology Similarities in Macromolecules |
| What is the structure of the chloroplast? | Cotntain saclike photosynthetic membranes calles thylakoids which are connected in stacks of grana. Pigments are located in the thylakoid membranes and fluid is outside the stromatolites |
| What did scientists use to classify organisms? | Bionomial Nomenclature |
| Why are common names bas to use when naming organisms? | There would be duplicate name stir different organisms |
| Tay Sach | A rare disease that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord Caused by a defective gene on chromosome 15 |
| Down Syndrome | A genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays |
| Malaria | An intermittent and remitente fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells |
| AIDS | A disease involving severe loss of body’s cellular immunity which lowers the resistance to infection and malignancy |
| DNA | Double stranded (double helix) The backbone contains the sugar deoxyribose Contains nitrogenous bases Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine In DNA A pairs with T |
| RNA | Single stranded The backbone contains the sugar ribose Contains nitrogenous base; uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine In RNA A pairs with U |
| Transcription | A portion of DNA is used as a template to make a single-stranded mRNA. Product is mRNA, which carries information to the second step tRNA and rRNA made Codons complementary to anticondons |
| Translation | Uses mRNA as a template Uses tRNA to bring an amino acid to the appropriate section of mRNA Uses rRNA for protein production Each codon pair is complementary to an anticodon |
| What are the reactants and products for photosynthesis? | Reactants: Carbon Dioxide, Water, Sunlight Product: Sugars and Oxygen |
| Fermentation | A process by which energy can be released from food molecules in the absence of oxygen |
| Bilateral Symmetry | A basic body plan in which the left and right sides of the organism can be divided into approximate mirror images of each other along the midline |
| Radial Symmetry | A basic body plan in which the organism can be divided into similar halves by passing a plane at any angle alone a central axis |
| What are the two steps for photosynthesis? | Light Reaction Light-Independent Reaction |
| Light Reaction (Light-Dependent Reaction) | Traps sunlight and makes electrons and ATP to run Sunlight is captured by chlorophyll; Water is split with the use of sunlight energy Oxygen is released ATP and NADPH |
| Light-Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle) | Uses ATP and electrons from the light reaction and carbon dioxide from the air to make glucose Carbon Dioxide is captured; high energy molecules are used to make glucose |
| Population | A group of individuals that live in the same area, can inbreed, and share the same gene pool |
| Community | Composed of all the different populations of species that live in a given area |
| Biosphere | A portion of Earth that contains all ecosystems |
| Organism | An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form |
| Acclimation | Becoming accustomed to a new climate or new conditions |
| Conformers | A form of a compound having a particular molecular conformation |
| Regulars | A person or thing that regulates something |
| Dormancy | A period in a organism's life cycle when growth, development, and physical activity are temporarily stopped. |
| Why do organisms migrate? | To increase their chance of survival |
| Niche | An organism's role in their environment |
| Generalists | A person competent in several different fields or activities |
| Specialist | A person who is skilled in one specific field |
| J curve | The exponential growth curve. It shows the population growth plotted overtime. |
| Limiting factory | Environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem |
| Carrying Capacity | The number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely |
| What are density independent factors? | Factors that don't intensity as the population changes. Some examples would be storms, foods, or droughts. |
| What are density dependent factors? | Factors that change as population changes. Some example could be disease, competition, predators, or parasitism. |
| Predation | The preying of one another on others |
| Parasitism | One benefits while the other is harmed |
| Competition | When animals compete with each other for survival |
| Mutualism | Both organisms benefit |
| Commensalism | One organism benefits while the other is unaffected |
| Mimicry | The close external resemblance of an animal or plant to another animal, plant, or inanimate object |
| Primary Succession | A series of events that occur during the colonization of barren land |
| Secondary Succession | A series of events that occur during the re-colonization of distributed land that already possesses soil |
| Pioneer Species | Organisms such as lichens and mosses that break down rock to produce soil |
| Climax Community | Mature trees and shrubs |
| Biomass | The total mass of organisms |
| Primary Productivity | The rate at which energy is converted by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs to organic substances |
| What are detrivores and why are they important? | An organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plants or animal matter. They are important because they return nutrients to the environment |
| What is a consumer? | An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms |
| Tundra | Cold Temperatures Short shrubs, grasses, lichens, and mosses Northernmost regions of Asia, Europe, and North America |
| Taiga | Cold to Moderate temperatures Warm Summers Coniferous trees, black bears, deer, squirrel, rabbits Just south of the tundra |
| Deciduous Forest | Distinct hots and cold seasons High Precipitation Deciduous Trees Conifers Flowering shrubs Northeastern US, Southeastern Canada, Europe, parts of Asia, China, and Australia |
| Grasslands | Warmer Summers Cold Winters Seasonal Precipitation Plants are low growing, lush plants and a few trees Large variety of herbivores |
| Deserts | Dry Variable Temperature Cacti Sagebrush Birds Small rodents |
| Savannas | Grasses and trees Rain and dry seasons Large herds of animals Warm |
| Tropical rain forest | Higher rainfall Hot temperatures Broad leaf evergreens Insects, birds, monkeys South and Central America, Southeast Asia, southern India, and northeastern Australia |
| Water Cycle | The movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere, forming clouds and back down to the soil and back into the ocean |
| Carbon Cycle | Plant some take in CO2 from the atmosphere and turn it into glucose and other products Animals take in glucose and break it down and release CO2 Animals and plants die, decomposers return their carbon to the soil |
| Nitrogen Cycle | Plant some and animals obtain their nitrogen after it’s been fixed with bacteria Farmers apply fertilizers the contain nitrogen,phosphorus, and other chemicals onto the soil. Water dissolve so the fertilied and it runs off into waterways. |
| Convergent Evolution | Acquiring the same biological traits independently |
| Divergent Evolution | Two or more related population should or species become more and more dissimilar |
| Coevolution | Change of two or more species in close association with each other. |
| What are the four basic mechanism for cycling nitrogen? | Nitrogen Fixation Decomposition and ammonification Nitrification Denitrification |
| Nitrogen fixation | Bacteria that converts N2 to anomina. This form can be used by other organisms |
| Decomposition and Ammonification | Decomposers use the proteins from dead organisms. They turn the nitrogen into NH3 and NH4 which plants can use |
| Nitrification | Other bacteria act on NH3 and NH4 resulting in nitrite that is further converted to nitrate that plants can use. |
| Denification | Other bacteria can take NO3 in soil and turn it into N2 which is released as a gas into the atmosphere |
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