1487077
Description
Flashcards by Riya Vaidya, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Riya Vaidya
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is an attitude? | A psychological entity which tends to be positive or negative. “is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating some entity with some degree of favour or disfavour” (Manstead, 1996, p. 35). People have attitudes about everything. e.g. self esteem, racist, sexist. Attitudes determine how we interpret the world and influence our behaviour. |
| What are the 3 main components of an attitude? | Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural |
| What does the cognition attitude relate to? | Thoughts and interllectual processes. they have emotional consequences and reflect behavioural intentions. |
| How are attitudes measured? | Likert scales, they assess attitudes toward various topics. A series of q about an issue. |
| What is an alternative to people not answering truthfully in a likert scale? | The bogus pipeline. |
| What is the bogus pipeline and who invented it? | it measures minute changes in their muscles. if respondents believe that the apparatus could assess their true opinions then their was little point in lying - or giving socially desirable responses. Men are more likely to express negative attitudes toward woemen when in BPL, not socially acceptable to have a prejudice against women so they therefore lie. Invented by Jones and Sigall |
| Who assessed attitudes towards women’s rights amongst both men and women with and without BPL? What did results show? | Faranda et al. (1979). When men were attached to a machine, which supposedly measured their true attitudes, they were much less sympathetic. |
| Who created the Electromyography (EMG) and what does it do? | Cacioppo et al. (1986). It measures activity of facial muscles, when certain facial muscles move it means you like something and when certain other facial muscles move it means you dislike somehting. |
| Who developed the lost letter technique and what is it? | Milgram. Lost various letters in parts of town associated with various organisations e.g. Gay rights. He left letters and if someone posted a letter back it means the attitudes toward gay rights it postive. |
| What is the source of the controversy of saying one thing (attitude) and doing another? (action) Who's study is the source of controversy with? | A sociologist toured the US with a chineese couple and they got refused once. Over 90% of hotel management said no we don't serve chineese people. Very racist. Said they would do one thing but did another. LaPiere (1934). |
| Who found strong relations between attitudes and behaviour? | Kelley & Mirer (1974). |
| How did Kelley & Mirer (1974) find strong relations between attitudes and behaviour? | People were asked who they were going to vote for at a presendential election. The candidates that people said they would vote for matched who they actually ended up voting for. 85% of people voted in line with their previously expressed attitude. |
| How might these findings of attitudes be reconciled? | One possibility relates to how specifically the attitude is defined. The more general ones attitude, the less likely it is to predict behaviour. Attitude has to be specifically related to the behaviour for a relation to be identified. |
| Who developed this idea of testing the relation between attitude and behaviour? | Azjen (1996). |
| In order to demonstrate the relationship between attitudes and behaviour what do we have to consider? | The intention to behave and the consequences of behaviour. |
| Why are peoples intention to behave important? | Because people will only engage in attitude consistant behavour if they feel that they can attain the outcome they wish. You act in certain ways if you think a certain outcome that you want will arise from it. |
| What happens when we think of the consequences of our attitudes? | If we think of the consequences of our attitudes our attitudes won't determine our behaviour. e.g. you are driving your car and people jump into your car you would want to throw them out. |
| Attitudes may predispose you to act in a certain way when you think about consequences you won't necessarily follow through on your behaviour. | - |
| Who conducted a 15-year study that found that attitudes to capital punishment did not change? | Himmelweit (1990). |
| Who conducted the experiment that found that people presented with scenes of police and left wing violence did not alter their attitudes. Left wing people justify Left wing violence. Right wing people justify Right wing violence? | Vala et al. (1988) |
| What is one way that we can we explain attitude change? | If you get someone to behave in a certain way you find that that behaviour can change someones attitude. Related to cognitive dissonance. |
| What is cognitive dissonance? | Difference between attitude and behaviour, there is a negative mental state which is cognitive dissonance. |
| How do we resolve cognitive dissonance? | We bring our attitudes into line with our behaviour, making it more socially acceptable. |
| Which experiment did provided by Knox and Inkster conduct? | They asked people to estimate the chances of winning a bet. Those who had placed bets were much more confident of winning. |
| What factors can change your attitudes? | If the source is: Credible, Trustworthy, Attractive and likeable, if the message is presented: quickly, long and without hesitation. If we are approached: on sunny days or when we are happy. |
| Another way that people try to change our attitudes? | Emotional appeals, fear is sometimes successful for changing an attitude. |
| Who found evidence that emotional appeal changes attitudes? | Smith and Macie (1995), through anti smoking ads 17% reduced smoking. |
| Who found evidence that attitudes don't change according to emotional appeal and how? | Janis and Fesbach presented people with warnings and dangers of tooth decay, didn't have any major change. |
| What is Attitude resilience? | When we are not at the mercy of those who would seek to influence us. |
| How to avoid attitude change? | One way to avoid attitude change is via the rehearsal of counter arguments. |
| What was McAlister et al. (1982) goal in regards to attitude change? | To prevent teenagers from smoking, taught arguments such as “I’d be real chicken if I smoked just to impress you” - teenagers trained in this way were less likely to smoke. |
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