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Flashcards by Emilie Barahona, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emilie Barahona
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Term: Allophone Definition: An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/allophone Example: p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/. [t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/allophone | Picture Source: https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=what+is+allophone&rlz=1C1AVFB_enEC789EC789&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa |
| Term: Circumfix Definition: A circumfix is an affix made up of two separate parts which surround and attach to a root or stem. The morphological process whereby this is achieved is called circumfixation. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/circumfix | Example: (Tuwali Ifugao, Philippines) The circumfix ka--an is a nominalizer and surrounds a root. baddang: root ‘help’ v. ka--an: circumfix ‘NOMR’ kabaddangan: word ‘helpfulness’ Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/circumfix |
| Term: Contrast Definition: In morphology, 'contrast' is identified, when two linguistic elements occur in the same environment(s), and replacing one with the other creates a difference in meaning. Two elements that contrast in identical environments make a minimal pair. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics) | Example: Perform Performing |
| Term: Diachronic. Definition: concerned with the way in which something, especially language, has developed and evolved through time. Source: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/diachronic | Example: Nice: This word used to mean “silly, foolish, simple.” Far from the compliment it is today! Source: https://ideas.ted.com/20-words-that-once-meant-something-very-different/ |
| Term: Hierarchy Definition: Any order of elements of Linguistc from the most central or basic to the most peripheral. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html |
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| Term: Idealisation. Definition: A situation where the linguist chooses to ignore details of language use for reasons of greater generalisation. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: I was going to say... that sounds like some kind of idealisation if I ever saw it. Source: https://www.wordnik.com/words/idealisation |
| Term: Metalanguage. Definition: Metalanguage is language used in talking about language. Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-metalanguage-1691382 Example: English speakers, of course, do not study only foreign languages; they also study their own language. When they do, the object language and the metalanguageare one and the same. In practice, this works quite well. Given some grasp of basic English, one can understand a grammar text written in English." (R. L. Simpson, Essentials of Symbolic Logic. Broadview, 1998) Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-metalanguage-1691382. | Picture Source: https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=what+is+metalanguage&rlz=1C1AVFB_: |
| Term: Paradigm Definition: The set of forms belonging to a particular word-class or member of a word-class. A paradigm can be thought of as a vertical list of forms which can occupy a slot in a syntagm. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: Source: https://www.google.com.ec/search?q=what+is+paradigm+in+linguistics&rlz=1C1AVFB_ |
| Term: Onomatopoeia. Definition: Is defined as a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting. Source: https://literarydevices.net/onomatopoeia/ Example: The sack fell into the river with a splash. Source: https://literarydevices.net/onomatopoeia/ | Picture https://www.google.com.ec/searchq=what+is+onomatopoeia&rlz=1C1AVFB_enEC789EC789&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi57Ke_3uPdAhVM0FkKHauRCc0Q |
| Term: Spelling Definition: spelling is the correct order of the letters in a word. Source: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/spelling Example: If we got a spelling wrong we were forced to get a dictionary out. Source:https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/spelling |
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| Term: Copula Definition: A copula is an intransitive verb which links a subject: to a noun phrase adjective, or other constituent which expresses the predicate. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/copula Example : The book is on the table. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/copula | Example : The book is on the table. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/copula |
| Term:Compound Definition:. In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding, composition or nominal composition is the process of word formation that creates compound lexemes. That is, in familiar terms, compounding occurs when two or more words are joined to make one longer word. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics) Example : Blackboard contains a stem that refers to "a large, smooth, usually dark surface on which to write or draw with chalk". However, the stem is made up of two roots, black and board. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/compound | Picture Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/G-TLqiX597jolAbACPehSZJuBYw=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/blackboard_root_compounds-lg-56afa8b03df78cf772c72b19.jpg |
| Term:Conjunction Definition: conjunction is a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them. A conjunction is positionally fixed relative to one or more of the elements related by it, thus distinguishing it from constituents such as English conjunctive adverbs. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/conjunction | Example : Coordinating conjunctions o and o or o but Subordinating conjunctions o because o when o unless Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/conjunction |
| Term:Diphthong Definition: A diphthong is a sound made by combining two vowels, specifically when it starts as one vowel sound and goes to another, like the oy sound in oil.. Source: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/diphthong | Example source https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6f/8a/04/6f8a0461f4a8620981ff8d56c1afe89f.gif |
| Term: Rhyme Definition: A rhyme is when the ending sounds of two words sound alike — like "mouse" and "house" or "complain" and "sustain." Source: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/rhyme | Example: He jiggles his marker in his fingers and mumbles words that rhyme with “middle,” and somehow that leads him to bring his pen down on Vienna. Source: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/rhyme |
| Term: Synchronic Definition: a reference to one point of time in a language. This may be the present but need not be. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html Example: Forms a dichotomy with diachronic. Structural studies of language are usually synchronic and the Indo-Europeanists of the 19th century were diachronic in their approach. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Picture Source: http://inmyownterms.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/SynchronyDiachrony.gif |
| Term:Systematic Definition:Done or acting according to a fixed plan or system; methodical Source: https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/systematic | Example : Source: http://www.isfla.org/Systemics/documents/networkWithReals.png |
| Term: Semantics Definition: Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions. Source: https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~rthomaso/documents/general/what-is-semantics.html | Example : “I don’t think it’s for anyone else to judge the semantics of a note,” said Mom. Source: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/semantics |
| Term: Schwa Definition: Linguistic scholars might be most likely to discuss the schwa, or the unstressed vowel sound in a word, but we all use the schwa every day. Source: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/schwa Example : The schwa causes a mistake about 7.5 percent of the time it appears. Source: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/schwa |
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| Term: Suffix Definition: A suffix is a letter or letters that is added at the end of a word to make new word or to change the meanings. Source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-suffix-and-what-are-some-examples Example : full (skil-full, fruit-full, wonder-full, etc) Source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-suffix-and-what-are-some-examples | Picture Source: https://b10fe4516026b9da60ab906d-wyypnpody.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Suffixes-Table-1-401x196-BP-1.png |
| Term: Exocentric Definition: Denoting or being a construction that has no explicit head Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/exocentric Example : An example of an exocentric construction is when a noun is combined with a verb phrase to form a sentence; Mr. Lincoln (a noun) came to Washington (a verb phrase). Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/exocentric | Picture Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/E-endo-01.jpg |
| Term: Endocentric Definition: Denoting or being a construction in which the whole has the same syntactic function as the head Source: http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Endocentric_compound Example : Big black dogs. Source: http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Endocentric_compound | Picture Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/E-endo-01.jpg |
| Term: Prefix Definition: A word, letter, or number placed before another. Source: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/prefix Example : un- in unhappy Source: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/prefix | Picture Source: https://b10fe4516026b9da60ab906d-wyypnpody.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Prefixes-Table-399x199.png |
| Term: Neologism Definition: a newly coined word or expression. Source: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/neologism Example : The following are examples of neologisms at the time of writing (2014): • Oversharers: People who post too much information (which is often boring or embarrassing) about themselves on line. • Digital Detox: Abstaining from electronic devices to re-engage with the physical world, typically to lower stress levels. • Sick: Good. Source: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/prefix | Picture Source: https://i2.wp.com/www.juliatomiak.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/neologism.jpg?fit=200%2C200&ssl=1 |
| Term: Lexeme Definition: A basic lexical unit of a language consisting of one word or several words, the elements of which do not separately convey the meaning of the whole. Source: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/lexeme Example : Each verb lexeme has a collection of finite and non-finite forms in its conjugation scheme. Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/lexeme |
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| Term: Acronym Definition: An abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something, pronounced as a word Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/acronym?topic=terminology-and-vocabulary | Example: Source: https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-16c7d680abfb4fcc5ad7c98e50f0126b |
| Term: Pragmatics Definition: The study of various aspects of language use in particular situations, dealing with the ways in which language users use and interpret words and utterances Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/pragmatics?topic=terminology-and-vocabulary Example : An example of pragmatics is how the same word can have different meanings in different settings. Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/pragmatics | Picture Source: https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/653/1*X6iv-oqOs-G2je-LQxzprA.png |
| Term: Article Definition: An article is a member of a small class of determiners that identify a noun's Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/article Example : The definite article the The indefinite article a/an Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/article | Picture Source: https://taskarmy.azureedge.net/uploads/Service_19753_20170531104221_0647b165-687c-4eca-92a5-e90a21ff104f.png |
| Term: Homonym Definition: Here are three senses of homonym. • A word that has the same pronunciation as another. Homonyms differ from each other in: o meaning o origin o usually spelling • Loosely, a homograph • Either of two people with the same name Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/homonym Example : Here are some examples of homonyms in English listed according to sense: • Words with the same pronunciation but different in meaning: o bore and boar o two and too • Homographs (words with the same spelling but different in meaning): o bow 'to bend' o bow 'a decorative knot Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/homonym | Picture Source: https://selemoir.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/homonyms-homophones-homographs-dian-kurnia-sari-5-638.jpg?w=1088 |
| Term: Headword Definition: A headword is the form which introduces an entry in a printed dictionary. It is the form by which a dictionary is sorted. Depending upon the language, the headword for an entry may be the: • base form • citation form Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/headword | • Example : Nowadays, the word kith almost never appears by itself; practically all modern citations in the corpus come from the phrase kith and kin Source: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/corpus-building/ |
| Term: Ideophone Definition: An ideophone is a member of a set of words that • are phonologically distinguishable from other words in a language • are often onomatopoeic, and • form one or more syntactic classes or subclasses, most typically adverbial. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/ideophone Example : Hausa adverbs have a distinctive obstruent-vowel-obstruent pattern, as in the following: • kaf ‘completely’ • kas ‘specklessly’ • kat ‘with a snapping sound’ Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/ideophone | Picture Source: https://gwilymlockwoodcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/ideophone-processing.png |
| Term: Morph Definition: A morph is the phonetic realization of a morpheme. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/morph | Example Source: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/morphsandallomorphs-131120203352-phpapp02/95/morphs-and-allomorphs-11-638.jpg?cb=1384980658 |
| Term: Agglutinative Language Definition: An agglutinative language is a language in which words are made up of a linear sequence of distinct morphemes and each component of meaning is represented by its own morpheme. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/agglutinative-language | Example: Quechua Wasi = ‘casa’ wasi-cha = ‘casita’ wasi-cha-yki = ‘tu casita’ wasi-cha-yki-chik = ‘su casita (de ustedes)’ wasi-cha-yki-chik-kuna = ‘sus casitas (de ustedes)’ wasi-cha-yki-chik-kuna-paq = ‘para sus casitas (de ustedes)’ wasi-cha-yki-chik-kuna-paq-chá = ‘tal vez para sus casitas (de ustedes)’ Source: http://admiradoresdelquechua.blogspot.com/2016/03/l-expresion-aglutinante-quieredecir-que.html |
| Term: Word Definition: A word is a unit which is a constituent at the phrase level and above Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/word | Example: <House> <Dog> <Cat> |
| Term: Idiom Definition:An idiom is a multiword construction that is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituents, and has a non-productive syntactic structure. Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/idiom | Example: to and fro fro < from = away (Scottish) cobweb cob < cop = spider (Middle English) Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/idiom |
| Term: Utterance Definition:An utterance is a natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses. An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence. Source: https://glossary.sil.org/term/utterance | Example: <The house es black.> |
| Term: Vowel Definition:A vowel is a sound made when the impedance of the air through the vocal tract is minimal and the vocal tract is completely open. Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/vowel | Example: <a> <b> <c> |
| Term:Exophora Definition:Exophora is reference of an expression directly to an extralinguistic referent. The referent does not require another expression for its interpretation. Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/exophora | Example: Source:https://slideplayer.com/slide/4647927/15/images/55/Syntactical+cohesion+Deixis+%28examples%29.jpg |
| Term:Compound Definition:A compound is a word containing a stem that is made up of more than one root. Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/compound | Example: Blackboard contains a stem that refers to "a large, smooth, usually dark surface on which to write or draw with chalk". However, the stem is made up of two roots, black and board. Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/compound |
| Term:Homophora Definition:Homophora is reference that depends on cultural knowledge or other general knowledge, rather than on specific features of a particular context. Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/homophora | Examples: (English) The use of the President in the U.S. The use of the sun The use of the baby between parents to refer to their own baby The use of bees to refer generically to the class of bees in Bees make honey. Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/homophora |
| Term:Cataphora Definition: Cataphora is the coreference of one expression with another expression which follows it. The following expression provides the information necessary for interpretation of the preceding one. This is often understood as an expression “referring” forward to another expression. Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/cataphora | Examples: (English) In the following sentence, the relationship of one to a towel is an example of cataphora: If you need one, there’s a towel in the top drawer. Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/cataphora |
| Term:Deixis Definition: Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the (usually) extralinguistic context of the utterance, such as: who is speaking the time or place of speaking the gestures of the speaker the current location in the discourse Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/deixis | Examples: (English) Here are examples of deictic expressions: <I> <You> <Now> <There> <That> <The following> <Tenses> Source:https://glossary.sil.org/term/deixis |
| Term:Taxonomic Definition: A reference to linguistics in which the main aim is to list and classify features and phenomena. It is usually implied that no attempt for linguistic generalisations is made. Source:https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: Source:http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Meaning/appleTaxonomy.gif |
| Term:Minimal pair Definition:Any two words which are only distinguished by different sounds in a single position. Such word pairs are used in traditional phonology to determine the status of sounds as phonemes. Source:https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: Source:https://image.slidesharecdn.com/06-chapter3andchapter4-130923104207-phpapp02/95/phonetics-and-phonology-3-638.jpg?cb=1383432190 |
| Term:Prosody Definition: A term which refers to all the suprasegmental properties of language such as pitch, loudness, tempo and rhythym. Source:https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: Source:http://acoustics.org/pressroom/httpdocs/152nd/Liu_example_2.gif |
| Term:Transcription Definition: Transcription A system of representing sounds in writing unambiguously. For phonological purposes a broad transcription is sufficient as long as the systemic distinctions in the particular language can be recognised. Source:https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: Source:https://i.pinimg.com/originals/80/2d/84/802d84d4193aae59daf268578dd961bb.jpg |
| Term:Overextension Definition: A phenomenon in first language acquisition where the child uses a narrow term in a very general sense. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: Source: https://images.slideplayer.com/18/5696441/slides/slide_42.jpg |
| Term:Textlinguistics Definition: The investigation of the structure and style of texts, of pieces of language which consist of more than a single sentence. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: "In recent years, the study of texts has become a defining feature of a branch of linguistics referred to (especially in Europe) as textlinguistics, and 'text' here has central theoretical status. Texts are seen as language units which have a definable communicative function, characterized by such principles as cohesion, coherence and informativeness, which can be used to provide a formal definition of what constitutes their textuality or texture. On the basis of these principles, texts are classified into text types, or genres, such as road signs, news reports, poems, conversations, etc. . . . Some linguists make a distinction between the notions of 'text,' viewed as a physical product, and 'discourse,' viewed as a dynamic process of expression and interpretation, whose function and mode of operation can be investigated using psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic, as well as linguistic, techniques." (David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008) Source:https://www.thoughtco.com/text-linguistics-1692462 |
| Term:Palatalisation Definition: A common historical process whereby sounds produced at the velum are progressively shifted forward towards the palate. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: This is usually a change in manner of articulation from stop to affricate and possibly to fricative. Cf. /k/ > /c/ > /tæ/ > /tʃ/ (> /ʃ/) as can be seen in the development of Latin camera to Modern French chambre. Source:https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html |
| Term:Cross-linguistic Definition: Refers to phenomena which occur in several different languages or in investigations which draw on data from diverse languages. Source: https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/LinguisticGlossary.html | Example: It may occur where is an overlap between two languages with language A allowing only one option and language B allowing two options. One option of language B overlaps with an option in language A.[9] For example, French allows adjectives before and after a noun, but English only allows adjectives before the noun. There is an overlap in the correct placement of adjectives between these two languages, and there will be transfer, especially with postnominal adjectives in French. For example, French-English bilinguals might produce un blanc chien "a white dog" instead of un chien blanc "a dog white." Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslinguistic_influence |
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