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Description
Flashcards by Linda Rush, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Linda Rush
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| abdominal | stomach area |
| abdominal cavity | a subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | cavity inferior to the diaphragm and is subdivided |
| acromial | point of shoulder |
| Anatomical position | 1. The description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance. 2. In this position, the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward, the upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward. |
| antecubital | in the fold of the inside of the arm (elbow) |
| Anterior (Ventral) | 1. Close to the front of the body. 2. Example: The lips are anterior to the teeth. |
| axillary | armpit area |
| Basic requirements for cellular life: | 1. Transport of molecules. 2. Conversion of Energy. 3. Reproduction. |
| brachial | arm area |
| buccal | cheek area |
| calcaneal | heel of the foot |
| carpal | wrist area |
| Cellular Respiration | 1. A specific process where cells produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). 2. Two types of cellular respiration: aerobic and anaerobic. |
| Anaerobic respiration | living or being active without an absence of oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | depending on free oxygen, living or being active with oxygen |
| cephallic | head area |
| cervical | throat area |
| Contralateral | 1. On opposites sides of the body. 2. Example: The right arm is contralateral to the left arm. |
| Coronal Section | another term for frontal plane |
| covalent bonds | share electrons usually between two non-metals |
| coxal | hip area |
| cranial cavity | space inside the bony skull |
| cross section | another term for transverse plane |
| crural | inferior to the knee on the front of the leg |
| Decomposition Reaction | separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance |
| Deep | 1. Farther from the surface of the body. 2. Example: The muscles are deep to the skin. |
| Anatomy | the study of the structure and relationship between body parts |
| Physiology | the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole |
| monomer | 1. One unit 2. Building blocks of polymers. |
| polymer | 1. Many units 2. A string of monomers strung together. |
| pH | 1. In chemistry, a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of an aqueous solution. 2. It is roughly the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions. |
| deltoid | back of the shoulder, curve of the shoulder |
| Describe the basic technique for using the compound light microscope: | 1. Turn on the illuminator. 2. Place a slide or specimen on the stage with the sample directly above the aperture and, if possible, fasten it to the stage with the stage clips. 3. Ensure the iris diaphragm is completely open. 4. Rotate the nosepiece so that the objective lens with the lowest level of magnification is directly above the sample. 5. Look through the binocular eyepieces and adjust the iris diaphragm until the amount of light is satisfactory. 6. Turn the coarse adjustment knob until the specimen comes into broad focus. |
| Describe DNA structure: | DNA is arranged into a double helix structure where spirals of DNA are intertwined with one another continuously bending in on itself but never getting closer or further away. |
| Describe DNA replication: | DNA replication is the process in which DNA is copied. It occurs during the synthesis (S) phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle. DNA replication begins when an enzyme, DNA helicase, breaks the bonds between complementary bases in DNA. |
| Describe how enzyme catalyze chemical reactions: | Chemical reactions generally require energy called "activation energy" to get them started. Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed. |
| Describe protein three-dimensional structure and its role in protein function: | Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a protein molecule. Proteins are polymers, specifically polypeptides, formed from sequences of monomer amino acids. The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence. Second, the function of a protein depends upon its three-dimensional structure. |
| digital | finger area |
| Distal | 1. Farther from the point of attachment of limb or trunk. 2. Example: The wrist is distal to the elbow. |
| Distinguish between control and experimental groups: | An experimental group is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. One variable is tested at a time. The experimental group is compared to a control group, which does not receive the test variable. |
| hypothesis | 1. An attempt to explain phenomena. 2. It is a proposal, a guess used to understand and/or predict something. |
| theory | the result of testing a hypothesis and developing an explanation that is assumed to be true about something |
| Independent Variable | The variable that is changed or controlled in a specific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. |
| Dependent Variable | The variable being tested and measured in a specific experiment. |
| dorsal body | consists of cranial cavity and spinal cavity |
| enzymes | proteins; produced by living cells; they catalyze chemical reactions by towering the activation energy |
| Epigastric region | superior to the umbilical region |
| Exchange Reaction | 1. Also called double replacement reaction. 2. Double replacement, the cations and anions of two different compounds switch places. |
| femoral | thigh area |
| fibular | lateral part of the leg |
| The four major classes of organic compounds: | 1. Nuclear acids 2. Lipids 3. Carbohydrates 4. Proteins These proteins are found in every living organism. |
| Frontal Plane | cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts |
| gluteal | butt area |
| hydrogen bond | 1. A weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom, such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom. 2. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the properties of water and many biological molecules. |
| hypogastric region | inferior to the umbilical region |
| Nucleic acids | 1. Information molecule. 2. Molecule of heredity. 3. Director of metabolism involved in protein synthesis immediate source of energy for cellular work. |
| Lipids | 1. Components of membranes. 2. Long term energy storage. 3. Insolation. |
| Carbohydrates | 1. Short term energy source. 2. Transport from in animal long term energy storage. |
| Proteins | 1. Organic catalyst. 2. Digestive enzymes. 3. Structural protein in hair. 4. Structural protein in skin. |
| Identify the 5 survival needs: | 1. Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Stable Body Temperature 5. Atmospheric Pressure |
| Identify the 4 Requirements for life: | 1. Reproduction 2. Response/ Reaction to environment 3. Metabolism 4. Growth |
| Identify the 6 levels of organization: | 1. Chemical Level 2. Cellular Level 3. Tissue Level 4. Organ Level 5. Organ System Level 6. Organismal Level |
| Identify the values of the pH: | 1. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. 2. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. 3. A pH of 7 is normal. 4. A pH less than 7 is acidic. 5. A pH greater than 7 is basic. |
| Identify water's role in life: | 1. Water had important roles and functions in chemistry, biochemistry, and biology due to its diverse properties. 2. Without water, there would be no life on earth. |
| Inferior | below the neck is inferior to the head |
| inguinal | groin area |
| Intermediate | 1. Between two structures. 2. Example: The elbow is intermediate between the shoulder and wrist. |
| ionic bonds | lose or gain electrons usually between a non-metal and a metal |
| Ipsilateral | 1. On the same side of the body. 2. Example: The right arm and the right leg are ipsilateral. |
| Lateral | 1. Farther from the midline of the body. 2. Example: The eyes are lateral to the nose. |
| Left iliac (inhuinal) region | lareral left hand side of the hypogastric region |
| List the components of the cell theory: | 1. All living organisms are composed of cells. 2. They may be unicellular or multicellular. 3. The cell is the basic unit of life. 4. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. |
| Medial | 1. Closer to the midline of the body. 2. Example: The nose is medial to the eyes. |
| Mediastinum | separates lungs into right and left cavities of the thoracic cavity |
| Midsagittal Plane | cut made down the median plane of the body or organ, and the right and left parts are equal in size |
| Mitosis | the process where a single cell divides resulting in generally two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell |
| nasal | nose area |
| non-polar bonds | non-polar molecules occur when the electron sharing during a covalent bond is equal, so there is no ionic charge and the electrons are distributed symmetrically |
| occipital | posterior side of the head |
| Olecranal | posterior surface of the elbow |
| oral | mouth area |
| orbital | eye area |
| organic compound | any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon |
| patellar | anterior knee |
| Pelvic cavity | inferior to abdominal cavity |
| plantar | sole of the foot area |
| polar bonds | these bonds happen when two atoms form a molecule using a covalent bond |
| Popliteal | posterior knee area |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | 1. Close to the back of the body. 2. Example: The teeth are posterior to the lips. |
| Proximal | 1. Nearer to the point of attachment. 2. Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist. |
| pubic | genital region |
| Right and left hypochondriac regions | lateral to the epigastric region |
| Right and left lumbar regions | lateral to the umbilical region |
| right iliac (inguinal) region | lateral right hand side of the hypogastric region |
| sacral | posterior landmark area between hips |
| scapular | upper back |
| Spinal Cavity | extends from cranial cavity and surrounds the spinal cord and vertebra |
| sternal | breastbone area |
| Structure of an Atom | 1. Atoms are the smallest basic unit of matter. 2. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and neutral particles called neurons. 3. A certain amount of protons and neutrons exist in the nucleus that are extremely densely compacted together. 4. Electrons, other particles that are negatively charged, orbit the nucleus due to charge attraction and gravity. |
| Substrate | the substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts |
| Superficial | 1. Closer to the surface of the body. 2. Example: The skin is superficial to the muscle. |
| Superior | above the head is superior to the neck |
| sural | posterior surface of lower leg |
| Synthesis Reaction | 1. A type of reaction that in which multiple reactants combine to form a single product. 2. Synthesis reactions release energy in the form of heat and light, so they are exothermic. |
| tarsal | along the front of the foot around the ankle |
| thoracic | chest area |
| thoracic cavity | separated by diaphragm, superior area of ventral body cavity |
| Transcription | 1. Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. 2. This copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it directs the synthesis of the protein, which is encodes. |
| Translation | The process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. |
| transverse plane | cut made along a horizontal section, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts |
| umbilical | belly button area |
| ventral body cavity | contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen, that is the visceral organs |
| vertebral | the spine area |
| What are the basic mechanisms of homeostasis? | 1. Homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components: receptor, control center, and effector. 2. The receptor senses environmental stimuli, sending the information to the control center. 3. The control center, generally the brain, signals an effector (muscles) to respond to the stimuli. 4. Positive feedback enhances or accelerates output created by an activated stimulus. 5. Negative feedback brings a system back to its level of normal functioning such as adjusting blood pressure, metabolism, and body temperature. |
| What are the steps of the scientific method? | 1. Ask a question. 2. Do background research. 3. Construct a hypothesis. 4. Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment. 5. Analyze your data and draw a conclusion. 6. Communicate your results. |
| Homeostasis | The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions. |
| What is the purpose of the scientific method? | The scientific method is an organized way to study the natural world and find out how it works. |
| Describe the cell cycle: | The main parts of the cell cycle are: 1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis |
| Interphase | 1. G1 (Growth 1) 2. S (Synthesis) 3. G2 (Growth 2) |
| G1 (Growth) | The cell grows to accommodate new genetic information. |
| S (Synthesis) | The cell duplicates its DNA for the two daughter cells. |
| G2 (Growth 2) | The cell grows once again fro there to be enough cytoplasm for the daughter cells. |
| Mitosis | 1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase |
| Prophase | Chromatin is organized into chromosomes, two centrosomes move to the poles of the cells, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. |
| Prometaphase | The nuclear envelope is gone, the spindle fibers start to form, and the chromosomes start to move towards the equator of the cell. |
| Metaphase | The chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. |
| Anaphase | The chromosomes are split apart into chromatids by the spindle fibers and are starting to be pulled to opposite poles. |
| Telophase | The chromatids are enveloped in a new nuclear envelope in the two new daughter cells making two separate nuclei. |
| Cytokinesis | 1. The cells cytoplasm splits and forms the two new daughter cells which are identical to the parent cell. 2. Both have their own nucleus and DNA. |
| Identify the major steps of aerobic respiration: | 1. Glycolysis (Embden, Meyerhof, and Pamas (EMP) Pathway) NAD to NADH Glucose (C6) to Pyruvate (C3) ADP to ATP 2. Krebs Cycle (C4-C6 intermediate compounds) NAD to NADH Pyruvate (C3) to 3CO2 (C1) 3. Oxidative phosphorylation NADH to NAD O2 to H2O |
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