17306781
Description
Flashcards by Mandy Wilkes, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Mandy Wilkes
about 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Definition of Triage | Sorting patients according to their need for medical care. (most critical first) |
| What is 'First Aid' | Attending to the initial and essential welfare needs of the animal |
| What does the 'RCVS professional code of conduct' state for veterinary surgeons? | That they must take steps to provide 24hr emergency first aid an pain relief |
| What are the 3 aims of first aid? | 1. Preserve Life 2. Prevent situation deteriorating 3. Prevent suffering |
| What are some clinical signs of a HEAD INJURY | 1. Aniscora 2. Epistaxis 3. Altered mentation 4. Tremors |
| What are some clinical signs of DYSPNOEA | 1. Respiratory stridor 2. Hyperthermia 3. Cyanosis |
| What are some clinical signs of CONSCIOUS COLLAPSE? | 1. Weakness 2. Twitching 3. Ataxia 4. Pyrexia |
| What is meant by Primary Triage? | Determine if animal is having a true emergency. 1. Collect a brief history from owner 2. Observations of vital signs (A,B,C) |
| What is meant by Secondary Triage | A more detailed assessment when time allows. 1. Full conversation with owner 2. Full physical examination |
| What are the special considerations when it comes to triage ? | 1.Neonate 2. Wildlife 3. Exotics 4. Mass injury 5. Disaster triage |
| Emergencies can be classified in to 3 groups. What are they? | 1. Life threatening 2. Serious 3. Minor |
| Examples of life threatening emergencies | 1. Unconsciousness 2. Dyspnoea/Cyanosis 3. Severe Haemorrage 4. GDV (Gastric Torsion) 5. Heat stroke 6. Gutstasis 7. Poisoning |
| Examples of serious emergencies | 1. Gaping wounds 2. Fractures/dislocations 3. Severe Dysuria 4. Dystocia |
| Examples of Minor Emergencies. | 1. Insect Stings 2. Minor wounds 3. Minor Burns 4. Aural Haematoma 5. Lameness 6. Abcessess |
| What is the mnemonic for emergency secondary evaluations ? | A Crash Plan: A: Airway C: Circulation R: Respiration A: Abdomen S: Spine H: Head P: Pelvis L: Limbs A: Arteries N: Nerves |
| When preparing for the arrival of an emergency patient, What equipment should you have? | 1. Stethoscope 2. Thermometer 3. Gloves 4: Penlight 5: Hospital Sheet 6. Pen |
| In reading blood gases, What do the Lactate levels refer to? | The functionality of the organs within the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems |
| When is the term 'SHOCK' used? | When oxygen delivery to the tissues is poor due to tissue Hypoperfusion |
| What are the 4 types of shock? | 1. Hypovolaemic 2. Obstructive/Distributive 3. Cardiogenic 4. Maldisruptive |
| What are the 4 stages of shock | 1. Compensatory 2. Early de-compensatory 3. Late Decompensatory 4. Resuscitation: End stage |
| What are the routes of fluid therapy? | Intravenous Oral/ Enteral Intraperitoneal Intraosseus Subcutaneous |
| What are the two types of fluids? | Crystalloid Synthetic colloids |
| What is a crystalloid fluid | Fluid containing electrolyte and non electrolyte solute that is capable of entering all body compartments |
| What is a Synthetic Colloid fluid | Fluids containing atoms or molecules that resist moving out of the blood stream. |
| What is a simple fracture | Bone broken in two pieces |
| What is a compound fracture | A skin wound leading to a fracture site (open fracture) |
| A complicated fracture is? | Where organs and blood vessels are damaged around the fracture site. |
| What is a multiple fracture | A fracture in multiple places of the bone with a distance between then |
| What is a comminuted fracture | The bone is shattered and there are splintered fragments |
| A Green-stick fracture is? | A fracture that is incomplete through the bone. Generally seen in young animals |
| Clinical Signs of a fracture? | 1. Deformity 2. Pain 3. Crepetus 4. Swelling 5 Loss of function / Lameness |
| What type of heat causes burns? | Dry Heat |
| What type of heat causes scalds? | Moist heat |
| The percentage of burns is worked out how? | Assessing the amount of body area affected |
| A superficial burn is? | When the burn penetrates no deeper than the skin surface |
| A deep burn is? | Burned through the skin surface and into the tissues below |
| An acid burn should be treated with? | Concentrates solutions of Bi-carbonate Soda |
| An alkali burn should be treated with? | A weak solution of white vinegar and water |
| Define Haemorrhage | Active blood loss |
| What is meant by direct pressure? | Applying pressure directly to the wound |
| What is meant by indirect pressure? | Applying pressure to the pressure points around the wound |
| What are the main pressure points? | 1. Bracheal artery 2. Femoral artery 3: Coccygeal artery |
| An incised wound has | Neat edges |
| A Lacerated wound has? | Jagged edges (tear) |
| A Puncture wound? | Hole into (dog bite) |
| An Abrasion | Grazed skin surface (RTA) |
| An Avulsion? | Tear with a skin flap |
| A Contusion? | Bruise |
| Explain Artificial respiration | Manually ventilating the patient via an endotracheal tube that is cuffed |
| Explain the steps of Mouth to Nose resuscitation | 1. Lay patient in lateral and extend neck 2. Pull tongue forward 3. Close mouth firmly 4. Blow into nose 5. Blow gently as to not over inflate lungs |
| How would you perform CPR on a smaller animal (e.g. small dog/cat) | Hand around chest with finger and thumb on either side. Apply even pressure when squeezing together. |
| How would you perform CPR on a larger animal? | 1. Lay in lateral recumbency 2. Use heal of hand and other hand on top. 3. Apply pressure over heart region |
| What do you need to assess if the animal is collapsed? | whether it is Alert, Depressed or Obtunded. |
| Alert collapse means? | Collapsed but normal mentation |
| Depressed Collapse | Quiet but is responding to stimuli |
| Obtunded Collapse | Decreased level of consciousness, Responsive to pain |
| When handling and transporting a collapsed patient, what is the main concern? | Maintenance of airway. Support head and neck |
| What are the common causes of Hypovolaemic shock? | Haemorrhage Severe vomiting and diarrhoea Dehydration |
| What are the signs of Hypovolaemic shock? | Tachycardia Poor Pulse Quality Low Blood Pressure Decreased cardiac output Decreased arterial blood pressure |
| What is Tissue Hypoxia? | Reduced blood flow to the kidneys |
| What signs are seen in hypovolaemic shock? | Tissue Hypoxia mucosal damage in the gut Acidosis Blood clots DIC (disseminated intravascular dissemination) |
| What are the flow rates for fluid with an animal in shock? (dog and cat) | Cats: 40-60ml/kg/hour Dogs: 60-90ml/kg/hour |
| Distributive Shock | Excessive dilation of blood vessels meaning the blood volume is unable to maintain normal perfusion. |
| Signs of distributive shock are? | -Tachycardia - poor pulse quality - Red MM - Initially rapid CRT that progressively slows |
| Some of the causes of distributive shock are? | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (Pancreatitis, sepsis, Ruptured Pyometra) Severe Allergic reaction (Anaphylaxis) |
| Define Cardigenic Shock? | Failure of the heart to pump effectively |
| Signs of cardiogenic shock | - Heart Murmur - Ireegular Pulse (with defecits) Tachycardia or Bradycardia |
| Define obstructive shock | Physical obstruction to blood flow in the vascular system |
| What are some of the causes of obstructive shock? | -GDV (Gastric Volvulus Dilation) Thromboembolism |
| What are the normal levels of Lactic acid blood gas? | 2.5mmol/L or less |
| What does a lactic acid reading of 6 mmol/l or more indicate? | Severe shock |
| On an ECG, what does the P wave represent | Atrium Contraction |
| On an ECG, What does the Q,R,S,T wave represent? | Ventrical contraction |
| When placing ECG clips, Which clip goes where? | Red: Right forelimb Yellow: Left Forelimb Green: Left Hind Black: Right hind |
| What is a holter? | an ambulatory (portable) ECG device |
| What is meant by an 'Atrial standstill' ? | No Atrial Output |
| in ECG terms, What does AVIR stand for? | Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm |
| What is the shelf life of fresh whole blood? | 8 hours |
| What are the components of Fresh Whole Blood? | -Red blood Cells Plasma Protein Coagulant Factors White Blood Cells Platelets |
| What is the shelf life of Stored Whole blood? What temperature is it stored at? | 42 days depending on coag used 1-6 degrees |
| What are the components of Stored Whole Blood? | Red Blood Cells Plasma Protein |
| what is the shelf life of 'Platelet Rich Plasma' and how is it stored? | 5 days, kept at 22 degrees and intermittent agitation needed |
| What are the components of platelet rich plasma? | Red blood cells White blood cells plasma |
| What is the shelf life of fresh frozen plasma? and how is it stored? | 12 months stored in a freezer @ -18degrees |
| What are the components of fresh frozen plasma? | Plasma Albumin Coagulant factors |
| What is the shelf life of frozen plasma? | 5 years kept at -18degrees |
| What is the 'go-to' fluid in an emergency? | Saline |
| What does Mannitol do and when is it used? | Reduction of intracranial pressure and used only in a blunt head trauma case |
| What are the gauges for catheter sizes? | Pink: 20g Blue: 22G Yellow: 24G Purple: 26G |
| When placing an intravenous catheter, what and when is the cut down technique used? | where a hole is made first over the vein and then cannulation is completed. Used in cases of extreme venous collapse. |
| Which human non steroidal is toxic to animals? | Ibuprofen |
| In poisons, what does chocolate contain? | Theobromine |
| What is the antidote to paracetomol? | Parvolex |
| What dangerous drug does bob martins flea products contain? | Permethrine |
| What does slug killer contain | Metaldahyde |
| What does the ingestion of lillies cause? | Renal failure |
| What does grapes cause ? | Renal failure |
| What is in anti-freeze and what does it do to the body? | Ethylene-glycol. Crystalises in the kidney |
| What does chewing gum contain? | Zylotol |
| What would you give in the case of an anti-coagulant poisoning? | Vitamin K |
| What is an Opiod reversal | Naloxone |
| Characteristics of benign tumours? | - Grow Slowly - Encapsulated - Little blood supply - Minimal effects on other tissue - microscopically look the same as normal tissue |
| Characteristics of malignant tumours? | - Rapid Growth - Invade other tissues - Metastasis - Different to other tissue microscopically |
| Name some Benign Tumours? | - Melanoma - Lipoma - Osteoma - Papilloma - Chondroma |
| Name some Malignant Tumours | - Transitional cell Carcinoma - Squamous cell carcinoma - Mast Cell Tumour - Osteosarcoma |
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