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Flashcards by Colleen Gish, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Colleen Gish
almost 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Which phrase best describes evolution? | Genetic change in populations that may give rise to new life forms from common ancestors |
| The tongue of frog species X is sticky and it evolved by natural selection for trapping flying insects. Other frogs have less sticky tongues. The sticky tongue of species X is an example of | An adaptation |
| Scientists found the fossilized remains of a mammal’s jaw and leg. What additional information do scientists need to hypothesize the age of the fossil? | A strati-graphic layer where the fossils were found |
| Monkeys and apes have blood proteins more similar to each other than either is to the blood proteins of horses. What does this similarity suggest about monkeys and apes as compared to horses? | Monkeys and apes share a more recent common ancestor |
| Natural selection of bird beak sizes and shapes is most likely to occur when ____ | There is a shortage of food and so the birds must compete with one another. |
| What type of variation in finches is passed to their descendants? | Characteristics that are genetically determined. |
| On the Galapagos Islands, finch populations with different beak shapes and sizes became distinct species. These species were distributed on the various islands. What statement explains why they became distinct species? | Finch populations were variable. Individuals whose features were best suited to the available food supply on each island reproduced most successfully. |
| A change in structure, behavior, or physiology that enhances survival and reproductive success in a particular environment is called ____ | adaptation |
| Which of the following can occur when a population is geographically isolated from another population? | speciation |
| Which statement is NOT part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? | Changes in the environment cause beneficial mutations. |
| Three different species of salamanders are found on five neighboring islands. These three species are similar to one species found on a nearby continent. Salamanders eat a variety of insects and plants. Evolution is most likely to occur when____ | there is competition for resources. |
| The different species of mice living in three areas have varying body sizes. Which statement most likely explains the variations according to the theory of natural selection? | Mutation and crossing over during meiosis both created new variations in mouse body sizes. |
| Which statement best describes a trait in frogs that is likely to be inherited by offspring? | A parent frog is born with an extra finger. The offspring of this parent can inherit extra fingers. |
| The mole rat is an animal with long claws and teeth for digging deep holes. Scientists think the ancestors of the mole rat lived above ground and had shorter claws and teeth. Which of the following processes resulted in the long claws and teeth that are traits of the mole rat? | Natural selection |
| “Biodiversity” refers to the idea that ____ | species vary at the ecosystem, species, and genetic levels. |
| Approximately 99% of the information in human DNA is shared by chimpanzee DNA. This is evidence of which of the following? | Chimpanzees and humans share a common ancestor. |
| According to geological evidence the earth is | billions of years old |
| A scientist digs in an undisturbed field and finds a leg bone of dinosaur A about 6 meters below the surface. She keeps digging and finds a jawbone of dinosaur B about 15 meters below the surface. Based on this information, which is the MOST likely conclusion? | Dinosaur B lived before dinosaur A. |
| Which of the following have existed on Earth for the longest period of time? | Single-celled organisms |
| A man lifts weights and exercises until he is very muscular. He works out with the hope that his unborn children will also be physically muscular. A problem with his idea is that ____ | characteristics that are acquired during one’s lifetime cannot be passed onto offspring. |
| Which of the following statements about the DNA of two species is TRUE? | The more similar the DNA, the more recent the common ancestor is likely to be. |
| Which of the following lists the organisms from earliest to latest in the fossil record? | Bacteria, fish, mammals |
| A population of large fish eats the smaller brown fish that live near the bottom of the ocean. Every so often, the brown fish have a green offspring, which are more easily seen and eaten by predators. The brown fish survive in the ocean because____ | their coloring makes them more fit than the green fish |
| Every so often, the green moths in a population that lives in a pine forest have a brown offspring. The brown moths are more likely to be seen and eaten by predators. If increased pollution caused the pine trees in the forest to be heavily covered with brown particles, what is most likely to happen? | The brown moths would be less likely to be eaten by the birds. Over time, the moth population would have more brown moths. |
| Which of the following statements explains genetic variation? Genetic variation arises____ | through mutation, crossing over during meiosis, and the unique pairing of sperm and egg. |
| Parrot P has a larger bill than other parrots of the same species. When Parrot P breeds, some of its offspring also have larger bills. Parrot P’s large bill is most likely the result of | a mutation |
| A female giraffe with a short neck is having a difficult time reaching the leaves on the taller trees. According to the theory of natural selection, which of the following is possible? | Although the giraffe survives on leaves from shorter trees her offspring with longer necks are more likely to survive. |
| The allele for green pod color (G) is dominant over the allele for yellow pod color (g). What is the genotype for a plant with yellow pods? | gg |
| An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is ____ for that trait. | heterozygous |
| Assume that in humans, brown eyes (B) is dominant over blue eyes (b). The mother’s genotype is bb and the father’s is Bb. What are the predicted frequencies of eye color of the children of these parents? | 1/2 brown eyes and 1/2 blue eyes |
| Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that causes serious respiratory problems. Brad and Janet are healthy adults with three children. Two of the children appear to be healthy and one child has cystic fibrosis. The normal allele is represented as C. The disease-causing allele is represented as c. A person who is homozygous for the c allele will have the cystic fibrosis disease. What is Brad’s genotype? What is Janet’s genotype? | Brad = Cc; Janet = Cc |
| Which statement about mutations is correct? | Mutations are sources of variations in offspring. |
| When does crossing over occur? | Meiosis I; Prophase I |
| How many chromosomes does a human body cell contain? | 46 |
| Hemoglobin protein is produced by immature red blood cells, but liver cells from the same species do not produce hemoglobin protein. Why? | The gene for hemoglobin is turned off in liver cells. |
| How does the number of chromosomes in a human liver cell compare to the number of chromosomes in a human brain cell? | The number of chromosomes in both cells is equal. |
| What is one function of mitosis? | to equally divide replicated chromosomes into daughter cells |
| Sperm cells of the Russian dwarf hamster contain 14 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in a normal body cell of the Russian dwarf hamster? | 28 |
| What complementary DNA sequence binds to this DNA sequence: A – G – T – A – C ? | T – C – A – T – G |
| Replication in Protein Synthesis is for what molecule? | DNA |
| Translation occurs when RNA helps put together what building blocks of proteins? | amino acids |
| A DNA molecule is found to contain 40% of the nitrogenous base thymine (T). What percentage of nitrogenous base adenine (A) does this molecule contain? | 40% |
| mRNA comes from what molecule? | DNA |
| The nitrogen bases A, U, C, and G from mRNA combine together in groups of 3 to form what? | codons |
| If an organism has two identical alleles for a single trait, for that trait the organism is considered | homozygous |
| Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that causes serious respiratory problems. Brad and Janet are healthy adults with three children. Two of the children appear to be healthy and one child has cystic fibrosis. The normal allele is represented as C. The disease-causing allele is represented as c. A person who is homozygous for the c allele will have the cystic fibrosis disease. Although Janet and Brad do not have the disease, they are carriers of the disease. For the cystic fibrosis allele, Janet’s and Brad’s genotypes are | heterozygous |
| During Meiosis I crossing over can occur. What is the MOST common result of crossing over? | new combinations of genes |
| Which statement about the nucleotide sequences in the DNA in the nuclei of human liver and skin cells is true? | The DNA sequences of the two cells are 100% the same. |
| A cell with 20 chromosomes undergoes MITOSIS. Which of these statements is true? | 2 daughter cells will be created and each daughter cell will have 20 chromosomes. |
| What part of the nucleic acid carries the genetic information? | the nitrogen bases |
| Is mRNA single or double stranded? | single |
| Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form... | proteins |
| Two gametes (sex cells) combine during | sexual reproduction |
| In the cells of most organisms, DNA is contained in the | nucleus |
| Which of the following best describes how the human body is organized, from the largest to smallest structure? | cells, chromosomes, DNA |
| Assume that a trait is represented by the letter a. Which of the following would be used to represent an individual who exhibits the recessive trait? | aa |
| A Punnett Square... | is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. |
| Does a Punnett Square determine probable results or accurate results of genotypes? | probable |
| How can an individual with a dominant gentoype be expressed? | RR, Rr |
| A Punnett square is used to determine the probability of traits in offspring as a result of: | sexual reproduction |
| The offspring of sexual reproduction: | receives half of its genetic material from each parent. |
| If a trait skips a generation in a pedigree, it can be said that the condition is usually... | recessive |
| Put the following cellular components in order of size from smallest to largest:nucleus, chromosome, cell, nucleotide, gene | nucleotide, gene, chromosome, nucleus, cell |
| A cross between two plants that have pink flowers produced offspring that have red, pink, or white flowers. Which is the most likely explanation for these results? | The allele for flower color shows incomplete dominance. |
| A normal body cell of a fruit fly contains eight chromosomes. Each normal gamete of this organism contains only four chromosomes, as a result of the process of | meiosis |
| In a certain species of bird, the allele for red feathers (R) is dominant over the allele for green feathers (r). When a heterozygous red-feathered bird is mated with a green-feathered bird, what percentage of the offspring is likely to possess the red feather trait? | 50% |
| Which baby could not be the child of parents who both have type AB blood? | i i (no A or B) |
| The nitrogen bases found in DNA are represented by the letters | A, T, G, and C |
| Four stages in the production of protein molecules in a cell are listed below. 1 - Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome. 2 - DNA molecules serve as templates for messenger RNA molecules.3 - Messenger RNA molecules move to ribosomes. 4 - A chain of amino acids forms on the ribosome. Which sequence best represents the correct order of these stages? | 2 – 3 – 1 – 4 |
| If a portion of a messenger RNA molecule contains the base sequence A-A-U, the corresponding transfer RNA base sequence is | U-U-A |
| The typical sex chromosomes of a male human are | XY |
| In a portion of a gene, the nitrogenous base sequence is T-C-G-A-A-T. Which nitrogenous base sequence would normally be found bonded to this section of the gene? | A-G-C-T-T-A |
| In a certain species of mouse, gray fur (G) is dominant over cream-colored fur (g). If a homozygous gray mouse is crossed with a cream-colored mouse, the genotype of the F1 generation will most likely be | 100% Gg |
| Human sperm cells and egg cells are a direct result of | meiosis |
| If a single adenine nucleotide is deleted from a nucleotide sequence in a DNA molecule, the result is a | mutation |
| How many chromosomes are contained in a human gamete (egg or sperm) cell? | 23 |
| Color blindness is carried on which chromosome? | X |
| Red-green color blindness is what type of sex linked disorder? | X linked recessive |
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