18610476
Description
Flashcards by Thomas Davis, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Thomas Davis
almost 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Parts of a Neuron |
1) Axon
2) Dendrite
3) Cell Body
4) Myelin Sheath
Image:
Axon (binary/octet-stream)
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| Axon |
Where an impulse leaves a neuron
Image:
Axon (binary/octet-stream)
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| Dendrite | Where a neuron collects an impulse |
| Cell Body (Soma) | Where the decision to "fire" or not is made (particularly at the Axon Hillock) |
| Myelin Sheath |
Insulator from schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS) that wraps around the axon and speeds up transmission
Image:
Myelin (binary/octet-stream)
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| Neural Pathways | Sensory neural pathway Motor neural pathway |
| Sensory Neural Pathway | Sensory input travels to brain |
| Motor Neural Pathway | Signal from brain to muscles and/or glands |
| Neural Impulse (Action Potential) | An electrical/chemical signal from one neuron to another All-or-none response |
| Absolute Refractory Period | Period of time in which a neuron is completely unable to fire |
| Relative Refractory Period | Greater rate of input required for neuron to fire |
| Threshold of Excitation | The minimum membrane potential required for an action potential to occur (around -55 mV) |
| Synapse | Where the axon of on neuron meets the dendrite/cell body of another |
| Parts of the Synapse | 1) Synaptic cleft 2) Presynaptic cleft (synaptic vesicles) 3) Postsynaptic cleft (receptor sites) |
| Synaptic Cleft | The gap which an impulse must cross if the neural signal is to continue |
| Presynaptic cleft (Synaptic vesicles) | Where neurotransmitters are released from |
| Postsynaptic cleft (Receptor sites) | Where neurotransmitters are received |
| Neurotransmitters | The chemical messengers in the brain like: Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine (DA) Serotonin (5-HT) GABA Endorphins |
| Brain Plasticity | The brain is plastic - it is able to change the function of certain neurons and brain areas as necessary Plastic = malleable |
| What two types of cells primarily make up the brain? | Neurons and glial (provide structure and support) cells |
| Three parts of the Brainstem | 1) Midbrain 2) Medulla 3) Pons |
| Midbrain | Contains several structures like the reticular formation (controls attention, alertness, and arousal) |
| Medulla | Regulates heart rate and breathing |
| Pons | Helps relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum. Involved in the control of sleep cycles and the regulation of deep sleep |
| Cerebellum | Aids in the coordination of movement. As motor signals are sent to the spinal cord the cerebellum regulates them (resulting in smooth and balanced muscle activity) |
| Parts of the Forebrain | 1) Limbic system 2) Cerebral cortex |
| Limbic System | 1) Thalamus 2) Hippocampus 3) Amygdala 4) Hypothalamus 5) Basal Ganglia 6) Cingulate Gyrus |
| Thalamus | Sensory relay station |
| Hippocampus | Involved in LTM and memory consolidation Issues with the hippocampus leads to memory issues (Alzheimer's, PTSD, etc.) |
| Amygdala | Plays a key role in processing emotions |
| Hypothalamus | The hypothalamus' main role is to keep the body in homeostasis |
| Basal Ganglia | The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion. |
| Cingulate Gyrus | Involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation. It also helps to regulate autonomic motor function. |
| Lobes of the Cortex | Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal FPOT |
| Association Areas of the Brain | A region of the cortex of the brain which connects sensory and motor areas Memory areas Broca's area Wernicke's area Somatosensory cortex Motor cortex |
| Broca's Aphasia | Characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact Broca's patient Tan |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | The ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words and sentences is impaired, while the ease of producing connected speech is not very affected. |
| Left Hemisphere Specialization | Language, writing, logic, math Analytic |
| Right Hemisphere Specialization | Spatial cues, abstract information, fantasy, art, music, creativity Holistic |
| Corpus Callosum | Connects the two hemispheres |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Connects the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin Made up of: 1) Somatic nervous system 2) Autonomic nervous system |
| Somatic Nervous System | Voluntary movement of the muscles and organs and reflex movements. In the process of voluntary movement, sensory neurons carry impulses to the brain and the spinal cord. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | A control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions. Made up of: 1) Sympathetic nervous system 2) Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Fight or Flight |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Rest and Relax |
| Modern Methods Used to Study the Brain | 1) EEG 2) Single-cell recording 3) PET 4) MRI 5) fMRI 6) TMS |
| What does EEG measure? | Electrical activity from the surface of the brain (called event related potentials - ERP) |
| What is the benefit of Single-cell Recording? | It allows us to determine what individual neurons react to |
| What does PET measure? | Metabolic activity in the brain. Increased metabolic activity is correlated to increased activity (using glucose, oxygen, etc.) |
| What does an MRI measure? |
Anatomical structure and density of tissue.
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Mri (binary/octet-stream)
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| What does fMRI measure | Small changes in blood flow in the brain (metabolic activity) |
| What does TMS do? | Creates a temporary lesion in brain tissue by disrupting communication |
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