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| Question | Answer |
| What is a Work-for-Hire exception to the Copyright Act? | When an employer paid for work or creative work was commissioned. |
| What are the 3 types of patents? | 1.) Design 2.) Utility 3.) Plant |
| What is Organization Development? | Systematic method of examining an organizations technology, processes, structure, HR, and developing new methods to improve. |
| What is an OD Intervention? | Strategy to enact change. |
| What is the Change Process Theory? | Kurt Lewin defined 3 stages: 1.) Unfreezing - motivation for change 2.) Moving - resistance managed / communication 3.) Refreezing - change becomes norm |
| What are the 8 steps for successful change? | 1.) Prepare 2.) Communicate 3.) Develop 4.) Executive Sponsor 5.) Motivate Supervisors 6.) Recruit Unofficial Leaders 7.) Implement 8.) Evaluate |
| Name 6 methods of Knowledge Management. | 1.) Expert register 2.) Best-practice standards 3.) After-action evaluations 4.) Communities of practice 5.) Technology solutions 6.) Knowledge management systems |
| What are Learning Organizations? | Innovative environments in which knowledge is originated, obtained, freely shared. |
| What is Systems Thinking? | Ability of individuals and organizations to recognize patterns and project how change will impact them. |
| What is Personal Mastery? | High level of expertise in individual's chosen field and commitment to lifelong learning. |
| What is a Mental Model? | Deep seated beliefs that color perceptions can affect how individuals see the world. |
| What is TQM? | Total Quality Management Long term intervention requiring all employees to meet customer needs. |
| Who proposed that quality is defined by the consumer? | W. Edwards Deming |
| Who proposed that quality begins with customer needs and then translated to business language for a mutual benefit? | Joseph M. Juran |
| What 3 quality phases were identified by Juran? | 1.) Quality planning 2.) Quality control 3.) Quality improvements |
| What did Kaora Ishikawa do for quality improvement? | Introduced analytical tools. 1.) Check sheet - track # of occurrences 2.) Histogram - chart to identify pattern |
| What is a Pareto chart? | Vilfredo Pareto Chart that purports that 80% of problems are caused by 20% of causes. Pareto chart organizes in descending order. |
| What is a Cause & Effect diagram? | Aka fishbone diagram or Ishikawa diagram Aids in organizing information during brainstorming |
| What is a Stratification chart? | Aids in identifying possible strategies for correcting problems. |
| What is a Scatter Chart? | Provides relationship between two sets of numbers. |
| What is a Process Control Chart? | Provides a graphical representation of elements that are out of acceptable range by setting parameters above and below range. |
| What was Philip B. Crosby's approach to quality? | Purported 4 absolutes: 1.) Conformance to requirements 2.) Prevention 3.) Performance standards 4.) Measurement |
| What is Six Sigma? | Quality philosophy developed by two engineers at Motorola in the 80s. This methodology is referred to as DMAIC. |
| What does DMAIC stand for? | Define Measure Analyze Improve Control |
| What are the 5 team levels identified by Six Sigma? | 1.) Quality Leader / Manager 2.) Master Black Belt 3.) Process Owner 4.) Black Belt 5.) Green Belt |
| What is a High Involvement Organization (HIO)? | An organization where employees design, take action, and are accountable for work. |
| What are the 4 elements needed to create an HIO as per Edward E. Lawler III? | 1.) Power 2.) Information 3.) Knowledge 4.) Rewards |
| What is Conflict Resolution? | Process of developing strategies for resolving issues and maintaining or rebuilding effective working relationships. |
| What is Management by Objectives (MBO)? | Aligns individuals with organizational goals and measures successful attainment of objectives as well as the quality and or quantity of performance. |
| What is Emotional Intelligence? | EI or EQ How people deal with feelings and how they perceive and interact with others. |
| What is Talent Management? | All activities that seek to attract and retain best candidates. |
| What are 5 factors that lead to job enrichment? | 1.) Skill variety 2.) Task identity 3.) Task significance 4.) Autonomy 5.) Feedback |
| What is Job Enlargement? | When additional responsibilities are added without change in responsibility or skill. |
| What topics may a Supervisory Training include? | - Effective mgmt - Conflict mgmt - Team building - Influence and negotiation - Communication - Time mgmt - Interview skills - Delegation - Planning - Motivation |
| What is Virtual Coaching? | Self paced learning including emails, telephone, videoconferencing, etc. |
| What is a Management Development program? | A program that seeks to upgrade skills for managers who are accountable for others. |
| What is a Leadership Development program? | Program that seeks out employees who show promise as potential leaders. |
| What is Organizational Level training? | Training that encompasses the entire organization, division, or department. |
| What is Task Level training? | Training involving processes performed in a single job category. |
| What is Individual Level training? | Review of performance by individual employees and can be indicated by poor performance reviews or request for assistance by employee. |
| What is the ADDIE model? | Instruction Design: Analysis Design Development Implementation Evaluation |
| What are the 6 steps in a Training Needs Assessment model? | 1.) Identify goal 2.) Gather/analyze data 3.) Identify performance gap 4.) Identify instructional goals 5.) Propose solutions 6.) Evaluate options, estimate budget/timeline |
| What are the 4 steps helpful in guiding the Training Design stage? | 1.) Compile a task inventory 2.) Identify the target audience 3.) Develop training objectives 4.) Develop course content |
| What is a Negatively Accelerating Learning Curve? | Rapid increases in learning at the beginning that taper off as learner becomes more familiar with process or task. |
| What is a Positively Accelerating Learning Curve? | Slow start in learning that increases as the learner masters different aspects of the process or task. |
| What is the S-Shaped Learning Curve? | Combination of positive and negative learning curves. Begins with slow learning process that accelerates over time and then slows again. |
| What is the Plateau Learning Curve? | Rapid increase in knowledge that levels off after a period of time and no additional progress occurs. |
| What are 3 types of training materials that can be helpful in the development phase? | 1.) Leader guide 2.) Manuals 3.) Handouts |
| What is a Passive Training Method? Name 3 types. | Method in which learner listens to and absorbs information. - Lecture - Presentation - Conference |
| What is an Active Training Method? Name 5 types. | Method in which the learning experience focuses on the learner. - Facilitation - Case study - Simulation - Vestibule - using equipment - Socratic seminar - Q&A |
| What is an Experiential Training Method? Name 3 types. | Method that provides experience in real time situations. - Demonstration - One-on-one - Performance based (PBT) |
| Name 4 types of program delivery mechanisms. | 1.) Classroom 2.) Self-study 3.) Programmed Instruction 4.) Virtual Training (VT) |
| Name 5 different electronically based training delivery systems? | 1.) Electronic Performance Support Systems (EPSS) 2.) Computer based training (CBT) 3.) Distance learning - geographically diverse 4.) Blended learning - multiple methods 5.) Online bulletin boards |
| What are 3 things to be considered during the implementation phase of training? | 1.) Facility 2.) Trainers 3.) Schedule |
| Name 6 types of seating arrangements. | 1.) Theater style 2.) Classroom style 3.) Banquet style 4.) Chevron style 5.) Conference style 6.) U-shaped style |
| What is Transfer of Training? | When training is applied effectively to the job. |
| What is a Formative Evaluation? | Process used in the design phase of training to test/preview content prior to final delivery. |
| Name 5 strategies used in the Formative Evaluation process. | 1.) Needs assessment 2.) Asking people 3.) Analyzing jobs 4.) Pilot test - used after design is developed 5.) Pre-test - measure knowledge prior to design |
| What was Donald Kirkpatrick's theory of summative training evaluation? | He proposed four levels of evaluation for training. 1.) Reaction 2.) Learning 3.) Behavior 4.) Results |
| What is the Reaction Evaluation Method? | Measures the initial reaction of participants. Most commonly by survey at the end of training. |
| What is the Learning Evaluation Method? | Test to measure whether the participants learned the information that was presented. |
| What is the Pretest/Posttest Comparison? | 1.) Group of EEs selected for training 2.) EEs are randomly assigned to 2 groups 3.) An identical pretest is administered 4.) One group receives training 5.) Identical post test is administered to both groups 6.) Results are compared |
| When is a pretest/posttest method most useful? | When an organization wants to isolate the impact of training on productivity. |
| What is the Behavior Evaluation Method? | Method that measures job performance between six weeks and six months after training. |
| What is the Results Evaluation Method? | Method providing feedback most meaningful to the business. |
| What is Performance Management? | Ongoing process of providing feedback for employees about performance to develop them into increasingly productive contributors. |
| What is Meaningful Feedback? | Specific feedback describing the behavior so EE is clear on what is being done well. |
| What is Corrective Feedback? | Feedback that is given privately to avoid embarrassment and allows for commentary and request for more information. |
| What are 3 factors important to the appraisal process? | 1.) The elements included 2.) The timing of reviews 3.) Methods used |
| What 5 elements should be included for an effective annual review? | 1.) Supervisor Assessment 2.) Employee Self-Assessment 3.) Assessment from Others 4.) Goal Setting 5.) Development Goals |
| What are the advantage of conducting reviews at individual anniversary dates? | Fewer reviews to conduct at one time. |
| What are the disadvantages of employee anniversary date reviews? | - when awarding salary increases - when using comparative appraisal methods |
| What is a Focal Review Period? | When all employees are reviewed at the same time. |
| What are the advantages/disadvantages of a focal review system? | Advantage: allocate salary increase, equity grants, bonuses, other rewards Disadvantage: sheer volume |
| What are the 4 basic categories of performance appraisal methods? | 1.) Comparison methods 2.) Rating methods 3.) Narrative methods 4.) Behavioral methods |
| What are the 3 most common methods of comparison methods? | 1.) Ranking - listed in order from highest to lowest 2.) Paired comparison - ees in group compared to one 3.) Forced ranking - aka forced distribution or choice - bell curve - helps alleviate leniency & harshness biases |
| What are the 2 most common rating methods? | 1.) Rating scales - standard rating - 1-5 2.) Checklists - lists of statements with phrases describing performance - check those that apply |
| What are Narrative Methods of appraisal? Name 3 | Require managers to describe EE performance. 1.) Critical incident - make note of success/problems 2.) Essay - short description 3.) Field Review - can be conducted by someone other than supervisor |
| What is BARS? | Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale |
| What is the BARS method? | Uses job description to create dimensions that represent most important requirements of the job. Anchor statements create varying levels of performance behaviors. |
| What is the Inter-Rater Reliability? | Process of using more than 1 rater to reduce bias. |
| What 3 non work specific programs can positively impact the workforce/performance? | 1.) Diversity initiatives 2.) Flexible work arrangements 3.) Repatriation of global employees |
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