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| Question | Answer |
| What is Theory? | Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data. |
| What is Hypothesis? | Possible explanations of phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research |
| Is Development Active or Reactive? What is the Mechanistic Model? | Model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli. |
| Is Development Active or Reactive? What is the Organismic Model? | Model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages. |
| What is Quantitative Change? | Changes in number or amount, such as height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication. |
| What is Qualitative Change? | Discontinuous changes in kid, structure, or organization. |
| What are the five theoretical perspectives of human development? | 1. Psychoanalytic 2. Learning 3. Cognitive 4. Contextual 5. Evolutionary/Sociobiological |
| What is the Psychoanalytical perspective? | View of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. Originated by Sigmund Freud |
| What is Psychosexual Development? | In Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and genitals. ID, ego, superego |
| What are Oedipus and Electra Complexes? | Freud's psychosexual theory says children are sexually attracted to opposite-sex parent. |
| What is Psychosocial Development? | In Erikson's eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego or self. |
| What is the Learning Perspective? | View of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaption to the environment. |
| What are the stages of Freud's theory of Psychosexual Development? | 1. Oral (birth-18mo) 2. Anal (18mo - 3yrs) 3. Phalic (3-6) 4. Latency (6-puberty) 5. Genital (Puberty-Adult) |
| What are the stages of Psychosocial Development Theory? | 1. Basic Trust vs Mistrust (birth-18mo) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame (18mo -3yr) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) 4. Industry vs. inferiority (6-puberty) 5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (pbty) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (adult) 7. Generatvity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair |
| What are the stages of Cognitive Development Theory? | 1. Sensorimotor (Birth-2yrs) 2. Preoperational (2-7) 3. Concrete Operations (7-11) 4. Formal Operations (11-adult) |
| What is Learning Perspective? | View of Human Development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaption to the environment. |
| What is Behaviorism? | Learning theory that emphasizes the predictability role of environment in causing observable behavior. |
| What is Classical Conditioning? | Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit response. Ivan Pavlov |
| What is Operant Conditioning? | Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences. B.F. Skinner |
| What is Reinforcement? | The process by which a behavior is strengthen, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. |
| What is Punishment? | The process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition. |
| What is Behavior Modification? | A deliberate form of operant conditioning that is used to eliminate undesirable behavior. |
| What is Social Learning Theory? | Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models. Also called social cognitive theory. |
| What is Reciprocal Determinism? | Bandura's term for bidirectional forces that affect development. |
| What is Observational Learning? | Learning through watching the behavior of others. |
| What is Self-efficacy? | Sense of one's capability to master challenges and achieve goals. (Confidence) |
| What is Cognitive Perspective? | View that thought processes are central to development. |
| What is Cognitive-stage Theory? | Piaget's theory that children's cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations. |
| What is Organization? (Cognitive-stage Theory) | Piaget's term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge. |
| What are Schemes (Cognitive-stage Theory) | Piaget's term for organized patterns of through and behavior used in particular situations. |
| What is Adaption? (Cognitive-stage Theory) | Piaget's term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation into an existing cognitive structure. |
| What is Assimilation? (Cognitive-stage Theory) | Piaget's term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure. |
| What is Accommodation? (Cognitive-stage Theory) | Piaget's term for changes in cognitive structure to include new information. |
| What is Equilibration? (Cognitive-stage Theory) | Piaget's term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation. |
| What is Sociocultural Theory? | Lev Vygotsky's theory of how contextual factors affect children's development. |
| What is the Zone of Proximal Development? (ZPD) (Sociocultural Theory) | Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help. |
| What is Scaffolding? (Sociocultural Theory) | Temporary support to help a child master a task. |
| What is the Information-Processing Approach? | Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information. |
| What are Neo-Paigetian Theories? | Integration of Piaget's Sociocultural Theory with Information-Processing Approach. |
| What is Bioecological Theory? | Bronfebrenner's approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence. |
| What are the five levels of environmental influence in the Bioecological Theory? | 1. Chronosystem - Dimension of time 2. Macrosystem - Economic/Political 3. Exosystem - Community/Opportunities 4. Mesosystem - Interlocking of systems 5. Microsystem - Family/Friends |
| What is the Evolutionary/Sociobiological Perspective? | View of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior. |
| What is Ethology? | Study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species and animals that have evolved to increase survival of species. |
| What is Evolutionary Psychology? | Application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior. |
| What is Quantitative Research? | Research that deals with objectively measurable data. |
| What is Qualitative Research? | Research that focuses on non-numerical data such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs. |
| What are the 6 steps of the Scientific Method? | 1. Identification of problem 2. Formulation of hypothesis 3. Collection of data 4. Statistical Analysis of data 5. Formation of tentative conclusion 6. Dissemination of findings. |
| What is a sample? | Group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study. |
| What is a Random Selection? | Selection of sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen. |
| Name 4 types of Self-Reports? (Methods of Data Collection) | Interviews, Diaries, Visual Techniques, Questionnaires. |
| What are the 2 forms of Observation? (Methods of Data Collection) | Naturalistic and Laboratory |
| What is Naturalistic Observation? (Methods of Data Collection) | Research method in which behavior is studied in a natural setting without manipulation or intervention. |
| What is Laboratory Observation? (Methods of Data Collection) | Research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions. |
| What are behavioral and Performance Measures? (Methods of Data Collection) | For quantitative research, objective measures are used. |
| What is Operational Definition? (Methods of Data Collection) | Definition stated solely in terms of the operations or procedures used to produce or measure a phenomenon. |
| What is Cognitive Neuroscience? (Methods of Data Collection) | Study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities. |
| What is a Case Study? (Basic Research Designs) | Study of a single subject, such as an individual or family. |
| What is a Ethnographic Study? (Basic Research Designs) | In-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation. |
| What is Participant Observation? (Basic Research Designs) | Research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed. |
| What is a Correlation Study? (Basic Research Designs) | Research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists. |
| What is a Experiment? (Basic Research Designs) | Rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on another. |
| What is a Control Group? (Basic Research Designs) | In an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study. |
| What is a Independent Variable? (Basic Research Designs) | In an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control. |
| What is a Dependent Variable? (Basic Research Designs) | In an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of chances in the independent variable. |
| What is a Cross-Sectional Study? (Basic Research Designs) | Study designed to asses age-related difference, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion. |
| What is a Longitudinal Study? (Basic Research Designs) | Study to assess age changes in a sample over time. |
| What is a Sequential Study? (Basic Research Designs) | A study design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques. |
| What are the 6 APA guidelines for ethical research? | 1. Informed Consent 2. Avoidance of Deception 3. Protection: Harm, Loss, Dignity 4. Privacy and Confidentiality 5. Right to Decline or Withdraw 6. Correct Undesirable Effects. |
| What are the 3 guiding principles to resolve ethical dilemmas in research? | 1. Beneficene - Maximize benefit 2. Respect for Participants Autonomy 3. Justice - Inclusion of groups who may be impacted. |
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