19483523
Description
Flashcards by sophie gammon, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by sophie gammon
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the definition of Immunity? | When an organism has the ability to resist disease. |
| What is the definition of vaccines? | A biological preparation that provides or improves immunity to a specific disease, commonly given via an injection. |
| What is the definition of antibodies? | Proteins made by the body that can latch onto foreign viruses and bacteria making them ineffective. |
| What two ways can immunity to diseases and infections be gained? | - Babies have natural immunity - Through vaccines |
| What is babies natural immunity? | During pregnancy antibodies from the mother are passed to the unborn baby through the placenta. |
| How can immunity be passed onto the baby? | Through breast feeding. |
| A mother can only pass on immunity she ... E.g ... | has had herself. E.g if the mother has never had chicken pox then they can't pass on chicken pox antibodies. |
| When should the baby start having vaccines and why? | Immunity passed on from the mother is only TEMPORARY, therefore childhood vaccine begin at two months. |
| Why do we get vaccinated? | When we get vaccinated our bodies produce antibodies to fight the disease without us actually getting the disease. If we ever come into contact with the disease later in life, our bodies will recognise it and automatically produce the antibodies needed to fight it off. |
| Why does the NHS say we should vaccinate our children? | - Once a child has been vaccinated their bodies can more successfully fight off diseases. - If a child is not vaccinated they are at greater risk of catching the disease and becoming seriously ill. - Vaccines are quick, safe and very effective. |
| What is herd immunity? | The more children that are vaccinated against a disease, the greater the number of children in the community will be protected. |
| What are the reasons that a child might not get vaccinations? | - Medical reasons - They are too young - They can't get to vaccine clinics - Their parents do not wish to vaccinate their children. - The vaccine doesn't work (this is rare). |
| What are the vaccinations offered to children below the age of 5? | - Measles, Mumps and rubella (MMR) - Meningitis - Whooping cough - Tetanus - Polio - Diphtheria - Flu |
| What are the general signs that your child is ill? (8) | - Vomiting and diarrhoea - Tiredness and disturbed sleep - Runny / blocked nose, cough - Reduced appetite - Headache, swollen glands - High temperature - Flushed or pale complexion - Lack of desire to play |
| What are the emergency signs that your child is ill? (8) (These are the serious symptoms that mean you should seek help) | - Breathing difficulties - Convulsions, seizures, fitting - Rash that does not fade when pressed with a glass (meningitis) - Vomiting that persists over 24 hours - Significant pain - Child is unresponsive, floppy or limp - Severe headache that may be accomplished with a stiff neck and dislike of light - High temperature and fever that cannot be lowered. Will not drink fluids. |
| Name 10 childhood illnesses | - Common Cold - Chicken Pox - Food Poisoning - Gastroenteritis - Measles - Mumps - Pertussis (Whooping cough) - Rubella (German measles) - Scarlet fever - Tonsillitis |
| How is common cold spread? | Airborne / droplet Hand to hand contact |
| What are the signs and symptoms of common cold? | Sore throat, runny nose, slight fever, headache |
| What are the treatments for common cold? | Cough medicines Children's Nurofen |
| How is chicken pox spread? | Airborne / droplet Direct contact |
| What are the signs and symptoms of chicken pox? | Slight fever, itchy rash, child feels ill. |
| What are the specific signs are chicken pox? | Red spots with a white centre. Blisters and scabs over when getting better. |
| What are the treatments for chicken pox? | Rest, fluids, calamine lotion to soothe itching. |
| How is food poisoning spread? | Infected food or drink |
| What are the signs and symptoms of food poisoning? | Vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain |
| What are the treatments for food poisoning? | Fluids, medical help if no better after 24 hours. |
| How is gastroenteritis spread? | Infected food or drink Direct contact |
| What are the signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis? | Vomiting, diarrhoea, signs of dehydration |
| What are the treatments for gastroenteritis? | Replace fluids (dioralyte) Medical help is needed |
| What is the definition of incubation? | how long the disease is in you before signs and symptoms appear. |
| How is measles spread? | Airborne / droplet Incubation 7 - 15 days |
| What are the signs and symptoms of measles? | High fever, fretful, heavy cold - running nose and discharge from eyes. Later a cough. |
| What are the specific signs of measles? | Day 1 - Kopliks spot (clustered white legions inside mouth) Day 4 - blotchy rash begins to spread on face and body. |
| What are the treatments for measles? | Rest, fluids, tepid, sponging, shaded room if light is uncomfortable to eyes. |
| How does mumps spread? | Airborne / droplet Incubation 14 - 21 days |
| What are the signs and symptoms of mumps? | Pain, swelling of jaw in front of ears, fever, eating and drinking is painful |
| What are the specific signs of mumps? | swollen face |
| What is the treatment for mumps? | fluids given via a straw (if child is old enough to manage this), hot compress, oral hygiene |
| How is whooping cough spread? | Airborne / droplet Direct contact |
| What are the signs and symptoms of whooping cough? | cold, slight cough, mild fever |
| What are the specific signs of whooping cough? | vomiting, spasmodic (spasms) cough with a whooping sound |
| What are the treatments for whooping cough? | rest and reassurance, steam inhalations as advised by a doctor |
| How is Rubella spread? | Airborne / droplet Incubation 7 - 14 days |
| What are the signs and symptoms of rubella? | slightly cold, sore throat, mild fever, swollen glands behind ears, pain is small joints |
| What are the specific signs of rubella? | slightly pink rash starts behind ears and on forehead - hot and itching |
| What are the treatments for rubella? | rest if necessary. treat symptoms |
| How is scarlet fever spread? | Droplet Incubation 2 - 4 days |
| What are the signs and symptoms of scarlet fever? | sudden fever, loss of appetite, sore throat, pallor around mouth |
| What are the specific signs of scarlet fever? | bright red pinpoint, rash over face and body may peel |
| What are the treatments for scarlet fever? | rest, fluids and observe for complications, antibiotics |
| How is tonsillitis spread? | Direct infection |
| What are the signs and symptoms of tonsillitis? | direct infection |
| What are the signs and symptoms of tonsillitis? | very sore throat, fever, headaches, ache and pains in limbs |
| What are the treatments for tonsillitis? | rest, fluids, antibiotics |
| Meningitis | Signs of this can be a high temperature, vomiting, severe headache, dislike of bright lights, seizures, a red/purple rash that looks like bruising. A doctor must be called immediately. Reassure the child and try to keep cool until help arrives. |
| Asthma | Airways go into spasm making breathing difficult. Can occur through dust, pollen, pet hair, colds, stress or exercise. Inhalers are used to deliver medication to the lungs You need to reassure your child them up, stay with them and get an ambulance if breathing worsens. |
| Seizures (fitting) | May occur due to epilepsy or a high temperature. There may be violent muscle twitching, clenched fists and an arched back. Do not restrain the child, clear the area instead and use pillows for protections. Put the child into recovery position until help arrives. |
| High temperatures | A normal temperature is 36/37 degrees. A fever is above 38 degrees. When taking your child's temperature ensure warm clothing is removed and give them a cool drink. You can give paracetamol to help this. |
| Overweight children tend to ... | become overweight adults. |
| Children who are a healthy weight ... | Will be healthier, fitter, able to learn and more self confident. |
| What are 5 key ways to help keep children at a healthy weight? | - Encouraging 60 minutes of physical play a day. - Provide healthy meals, drinks and snacks. - Keep to child size portions. - Ensure sufficient sleep. - Be a good role model (e.g. eat healthily be physically active) |
| What are the health risks of childhood obesity? | - Heart disease / heart attack - High blood pressure - Breathlessness - Tooth decay - Emotional problems - bullying, low self confidence |
| What is rickets? | Bones which don't harden properly. |
| What are you missing if you have rickets? | Vitamin D and Calcium |
| Deficiency may lead to skin conditions and vision impairments, due to a lack of ... | Vitamin A |
| Deficiency may lead to delayed blood clotting, due to a lack of ... | Vitamin E |
| What are you missing if you have scurvy (decreased resistance to infection)? | Vitamin C |
| Deficiency may lead to anaemic, due to a lack of ... | Iron |
| What is food intolerance and allergies? | Some children may have food allergies or medical conditions such as diabetes. It is important to fully understand these conditions so that you can meet their needs without error. |
| What should practitioners ensure at a nursery / school / club setting? | At a nursery / school / club setting, practitioners should ensure that full details of diet restrictions are recorded and displayed in the kitchen or staff room. |
| What should you never do without checking it is safe? | Never give a child food or drink without checking it is safe for them. |
| What are common allergies (3)? | Nuts, milk, eggs |
| Who might need to eat at certain times? | Some children with diabetes |
| Children may take daily ... | medication |
| Why might someone use an epi-pen? | If children start to show symptoms of their condition you may have to administer medication (e.g epi-pen). |
| What is anaphylactic shock? | A severe allergic reaction and a life-threatening situation. |
| What are the causes of anaphylactic shock? | This can be caused by any allergens, however common causes for this include eating nuts, eggs and shell fish. |
| What are the signs of anaphylactic shock? | - Swelling of face, tongue, throat, hands or feet. - Red, itchy rash or blotchy skin that become raised. - Pale or flushed skin. - Puffy / red / itchy / watery eyes. - Difficulty breathing or wheezing. - Abdominal pain and / or vomiting + diarrhoea. - Signs of shock. - Confusion / agitation. |
| How do you treat anaphylactic shock? | - Call for an ambulance. - Check if the child has an epi-pen (contains adrenaline) with them. Use this if they have and you are trained. - Sit the child up to help with breathing and monitor them until help arrives. - If child goes into shock, lie them down and lift their legs. |
| What is diabetes? | - Children that have diabetes are unable to produce the hormone insulin. This stops the body's ability to process sugar and glucose is found in food. - As a result most children will be required to have insulin injections. - If a child's body has too much or too little insulin in their bodies they can experience serious illness. |
| What is Hypoglycaemia? | Often called a hypo - means that blood sugar is too low. |
| What is Hyperglycaemia? | Often called a hyper - means that blood sugar is too high. |
| What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia? | - Drowsiness and decreasing levels of response. - Feeling weak or faint. - Feeling hungry. - Confusion, behaving irrationally. - Sweaty, cold, pale clammy skin. - Rapid pulse. |
| How do you treat hypoglycaemia? | To manage or treat a hypo it is important to get sugar into the child to balance out the insulin level. This may be by a sugary drink, chocolate or tube of glucose gel. Children with diabetes will have a care plan from the doctor. If the child's consciousness is impaired you need to phone for an ambulance and monitor and record the child's responses, breathing and pulse. Try to give them some sugar. |
| What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia? | - Drowsiness and decreasing levels of response. - Feeling very thirsty. - Rapid breathing. - Warm, dry skin. - Rapid pulse. - Fruity, sweet smelling breath. - Passing urine frequently. |
| What is the treatment for hyperglycaemia? | A hyper develops slowly over a few days. It requires emergency medical treatment to prevent the casualty from falling into a diabetic coma. Call for an ambulance and monitor level of response, breathing and pulse rate. Be ready to carry out CPR if needed. |
| What are the needs of an ill child? | When a child is ill they rely on their parents to meet all of their needs and help make them feel better. |
| What are the 3 categories that their needs fall into? | - Physical - Intellectual - Emotional and social |
| What are the examples of physical needs? | Adjusting name time as ill children need lots of rest. |
| What are examples of intellectual needs? | Stimulation - quiet activities. |
| What are examples of emotional and social needs? | Lots of reassurance, hugs and company. Many need explanation of illness. |
| What are the 7 examples of physical needs? | - Lots of rest is needed. You may need to adapt the nap schedule especially if lack of sleep at night due to vomiting etc. - Give plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration - water, diluted juice or could make ice lollies. - Talk positively about taking their medicine. Lots of naps and eating healthily. - Check often with a thermometer to see if the child has a fever. Too hot / too cold. - Constantly monitor to check symptoms don't get worse and medical help is needed. - Allow lots of fresh air and light exercise if possible. - Give them their medicines. |
| What are the 2 examples of intellectual needs? | - If the child is ill for a long time think about the activities you do so that their learning and development continues as expected. - Find quiet activities to keep the child entertained and stimulated. |
| What are the 4 examples of emotional and social needs? | - Adults should explain the illness to a child and if appropriate let them know they will feel better soon. - Keep your child company. - If appropriate arrange visits from friends and family to stimulate social contact. - Give plenty of reassurance and empathy. |
| What types of quiet activities could you get a child to do when they are feeling unwell? | - Read stories - Colouring - Electronic devices - Card games - Dot-to-dot - Jigsaw - Lego - Play-doh |
| How can you prepare for a child's stay in hospital? | - Going into hospital can be a worrying time for adults and children. - When admission is planned try to prepare your child as much as possible to get rid of the "fear of the unknown". - If you can, arranging a visit to the hospital before hand so your child can see where their bed will be, meet some of the nurses etc. (will help to make them less nervous). - Try not to show your own fears as this will make your child worry. You can take a toy or comforter with you. |
| What are the 4 main ways to help prepare a child for a stay in hospital? | - Acting out fears and hospital games - Books and DVDs - Explanation and honesty - Involvement in a child's care |
| How will acting out fears and hospital games help prepare the child for a stay in hospital? | - Imaginary play is a safe way to explore, act out your fears. - It will allow the child a chance to prepare for real life situations. - You don't need much equipment. A child could act this out with a toy or doctors kit (or they could pretend), dressing up clothes or they could use their best teddies / dolls as patients. - This will all help to make them more relaxed and less anxious about hospital. |
| How will books and DVDs help prepare the child for a stay in hospital? | - There are many story books, non-fiction books and TV programs that explore going into hospital. - Characters are friendly and relatable. - Story lines are written so that children can get to know the hospital environment, so that they are more comfortable. - Characters can become role models for children. |
| How will explanation and honesty help prepare the child for a stay in hospital? | - Try to explain what will happen in simple terms. - Do not show your fears as this will cause them to worry. - Be gentle with your explanation but honest. - Answer your child's questions honestly so that they feel they can trust you even if they ask you if it will be sore. Do not say it won't hurt if it will. - It is important to stress the benefits of going into hospital and the positives that will follow (i.e you will feel better). |
| How will involvement in a child's care help prepare a child for a stay in hospital? | - Some times parents can stay in hospital with the child in the ward. - Parents can continue with aspects of child care such as feeding, changing nappies and bathing. - When parents continue to do the 'normal' routines with their child, it helps the child to feel more settled, secure and relaxed. |
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