19686830
| Question | Answer |
| the sameness of meaning | synonymy |
| similarity of meaning | near synonymy |
| flat/apartment SYNONYMS or NEAR SYNONYMS | synonyms * they have the same TRUTH VALUE CONDITIONS * "He lives in a good apartment" ENTAILS and is entailed by "He lives in a good flat" * it will be SELF-CONTRADICTORY to say: "he lives in a good apartment but not a good flat" * So, flat and apartment are identical in meaning |
| time/tense SYNONYMS or NEAR SYNONYMS | near synonyms * for example, "this is the right time" neither entails nor is entailed by "this is the right tense" * it will NOT be self-contradictory to say: "this is the right time, but not the right tense" * so, time and tense only have similar meanings |
| ABSOLUTE / PARTIAL SYNONYMY | conditions of absolute synonymy: 1. identical meaning 2. under all conditions (+ve/-ve) 3. in all contexts (collocation range) 4. at all levels of meaning (intended & literary) if any of these conditions are not met, it's partial synonymy |
| large / big commence / begin nuts / crazy father / dad fright / fear | SYNONYMS |
| fog / mist hotel / motel flower / rose read / recite dive / plunge | near synonyms |
| The semantic relation that holds between two lexemes that can (in a given context) express OPPOSITE MEANINGS | ANTONYMY |
| * The assertion of one (member of a pair) entails the negation of the other (member). * The negation of one does not entail the assertion of the other. There is always some middle ground. | GRADABLE ANTONYMS strong/weak If John is strong is true then John is weak is necessarily false. being not weak does not necessarily mean being strong |
| The assertion of one (member of a group) entails the negation of all the other (members of the group). The negation of one member does not entail the assertion of any other particular member of the group. There are always other members, some middle ground. | ANTONYMOUS GROUPS east / west / north / south If 'This is RED' is true then 'This is Blue, Green or Yellow' must be necessarily false being not RED does not necessarily mean being Green, being Yellow or being Blue |
| Not only does the assertion of one (member of a pair) entail the negation of the other, but the negation of one also entails the assertion of the other. There is no middle ground between the two members of a pair. | COMPLEMENTARY ANTONYMS dead / alive If John is not alive then he must be dead and vice versa |
| A logical relation such that two propositions are contraries if both cannot be true but both can be false. | CONTRARIETY (~تناقض) no angles can fly / all angels can fly the assertion of one proposition entails the negation of the other, but the negation of one does not entail the assertion of the other- There is always some middle ground. If (No ...can ...) is false then it is not necessarily the case that (All ...can ...) is true. |
| A logical relation of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true and both cannot be false at the same time. | CONTRADICTION (~تضاد) no angles can fly / some angels can fly Not only does the assertion of one proposition entail the negation of the other, but the negation of one also entails the assertion of the other. If (No ... can ...) is false, the (Some ...can ...) must be true, and vice versa. |
| --N.B.-- contrariety and contradiction |
We are concerned with propositions or statements here rather than individual lexical
items.
A no--- contrariety --- B all
l
l
l
contradiction
l
l
l
C some
Image:
Abc (binary/octet-stream)
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| HYPONYMY... | * a relation of inclusion closely related to culture (cz not always logical) * hierarchical - unmarked hypernym superordinate / marked hyponym subordinate - unmarked: the norm, general - marked: specified by adding extra feature, meaning * knowing the marked blocks the unmarked |
| literature / poetry / sonnet | item - hyponymous relation - markedness V unmarkedness 1. literature - hypernym - unmarked 2. poetry - hyponym / hypernym - marked / unmarked 3. sonnet - hyponym - marked |
| hyponymy examples... | colour - red - crimson mammal - elephant - mammoth literature - poetry - sonnet prose - narrative - novel/novela/short story/fitction plant - vegetable - potato |
| cultural examples of hyponymy... | * sea insects - shrimp KSA sea food - shrimp EGY * starchy food - potato EUR vegetables - potato |
| --N.B.-- homonymy and polesymy | Semantic phenomena arising from ambiguity are quite common. Ambiguity is used herein as a general term to describe the state of uncertainty regarding the meaning of a passage, an expression, a sentence, or a phrase, owing to the lack of clarifying clues or hints. For the purpose of this (semantics) course, however, the basic semantic phenomena arising from ambiguity which we shall discuss can be fairly be classified into two major types: homonymy and poelsymy |
| ABSOLUTE HOMONYMY | Absolute homonymy is the case of two or more lexical items that (1) Are identical in form but have different unrelated meanings. (2) All their forms are identical. (3) All their identical forms are grammatically equivalent. |
| PARTIAL HOMONYMY | If the second and/or third condition (of absolute homonymy) may be missing, it is a case of partial homonymy. |
| Bank absolute or partial homonymy? | absolute (A financial institution or the side of a river). All the forms are identical, and all the identical forms are grammatically equivalent too (Noun singular & noun plural) |
| found absolute or partial homonymy | partial (Found (past tense of to find) & وجد Found (present simple of “to found” =”to establish”). Not all the forms are identical and even the identical ones are NOT grammatically equivalent. |
| POLESYMY | It is the case of one lexical item that covers a wide range of related meanings. Examples in English are lexemes such as (uncle or aunt), each of which may refer to two related concepts: brother of the mother or brother of the father in the case of “uncle” and sister of the mother or the father in the case of “aunt”. |
| FULL IDIOMS V. PARTIAL IDIOMS | full idioms can only be interpreted at the idiomatic level ex: kick the bucket partial idioms can be understood at the idiomatic level as well as the literal level ex: give me a hand |
| COLLOCATION RESTRICTION TYPES semantic arbitrary by range | semantic - black tea - darkest shade of color tea could have arbitrary - rancid bacon - no logical reason whatsoever by range - flock of birds - only used with reference to a group of birds |
| TIME TENSE ASPECT | Time= A general philosophical concept that is common to all cultures, all peoples and all languages Tense= A grammatical category closely associated with verb conjugation. Aspect= Usually formed through the use of auxiliary verb/s with no particular interest in the exact time of the action. (Perfect- Progressive) |
| SER anaylsis |
Image:
Ser (binary/octet-stream)
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| DEICTIC SYSTEMS... | |
| DEICTIC SYSTEMS... | |
| ...modality... | * modal verbs / auxiliary verbs - Germanic * give info on the "mood" of the main verb that follows * two distinct interpretations - epistemic (factual status) / deontic (logic of obligation and permissablitlity) * must = obligation / should = recommended / can = possible / may = choice * ...properties... |
| ...natural V nominal kind terms | ?! * hyponomy & taxonomy * natural - cat nominal - stallion |
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