20249701
Description
Flashcards by Ash Srivastava, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ash Srivastava
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Law | something that happens without exception and has been established by repeated testing |
| Theory | a conceptual framework that explains existing observations (and the laws based on them) and predicts new ones OR a set of propositions which summarise, organise and explain a variety of known facts |
| Hypothesis | a working assumption, whose merit is to be evaluated. ideally based on evidence |
| One-tailed hypothesis | directional prediction, which specifies the nature of the relationship between the variables |
| Two-tailed hypothesis | non-directional prediction, which only states that a relationship between two variables exists |
| Independent Variable | The variable manipulated by the experimenter |
| Dependent Variable | The selected behaviour which is measured to try to gauge the effect of the independent variable in an experimental design |
| Confounding Variable | One or more variables not under the control of the experimenter that vary systematically with the IV |
| Random (Extraneous/Nuisance) Variable | These are variables, other than the IV that can affect the DV |
| Moderator Variable | an additional variable which determines when the experimental variable does or does not have an effect. Changes the relationship between the IV and DV |
| Counterbalance | an arrangement of treatment conditions to neutralise practice effects and or the effects of fatigue |
| Random Assignment | procedure by which each subject has an equal probability of being assigned to each different treatment condition in an experiment. |
| Observational Study | Occur in a natural setting not manipulating but learning and gathering data. + natural behaviour + no ethical concerns - relying on behavioural interpretation and then record it accurately - influencing behaviour they know they're being watched e.g. observing a policy change |
| Case Study | In-depth analysis using a combination of research techniques + intensive and large data - low generalisation e.g. Phineas Gage and his brain |
| Surveys/Questionnaires | Gathering info about people's attitudes opinions and behaviours. + quan and qual +large numbers/info quickly - issues in representation, sampling errors - no cause and effects e.g. census |
| Correlational Studies | Trying to determine relationship or association between two events or variables that occur naturally. + quantify relationships +ethically sound - generalisation e.g. age and marriage |
| True Experiment | Examines cause-and-effect relationships, controlling all aspects of the situation through manipulation. + establish causality + experimental control -need for replication e.g. Langer and Rodin 1976 |
| Within Subjects Design | Each participant is measured under both the experimental and control conditions. + time efficient - carryover effect |
| Between Subjects Design | Each subject/participant is randomly assigned to only one of the conditions + not contaminated by external factors - complex - needs a new group for every manipulation |
| Matched Design | used to exploit the advantages of both within and between subject designs. Different participant in each condition, but each pair is matched on one or more relevant characteristics. |
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