21614559
Description
Flashcards by Evian Chai, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Evian Chai
about 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the role of the pancreas? | To synthesise/secrete enzymes into the duodenum |
| What is the structure of the pancreas, and what type of exocrine secretion is it? | Branched acinar structure Merocrine secretion |
| What do the centroacinar cells secrete? | secrete bicarbonate for alkaline secretion |
| What are the two main structural differences between the pancreas and the salivary ducts? | 1. Pancreas has no striated ducts 2. Pancreas has centroacinar cell |
| What do the Islets of Langerhan produce, and what type of secretion is it? | Produce insulin, glucagon, somatostatin VIP, PP Endocrine secretion into blood supply |
| What are the 8 functions of the liver? | 1 . Exocrine production of bile 2. Processes absorbed nutrients 3. Metabolise fats/proteins/carbs 4. Store carbs/lipids/vitamins 5. Synthesise plasma proteins/lipoproteins 6. Detoxify toxins 7. Destroy RBC/reclaim iron 8. Haematopoiesis in embryo |
| What is the structure of the liver? | Made up of hexagonal lobules with central vein in the middle |
| What are the three parts of the portal tract arising from the central vein in each lobule? | The triad of hepatic portal vein, portal vein, and bile duct |
| What is the blood supply to the liver? | Dual system blood supply: 1. Hepatic artery supplies arterial (oxygenated blood) 25% 2. Hepatic portal vein supplies partially deoxygenated blood from small intestine |
| How is venous drainage achieved in the liver? | The central vein drains -->hepatic portal vein-->inferior vena cavae |
| What are sinusoids? | Enlarged capillaries with fenestrated endothelium that delivers blood from the hepatic artery/portal vein to the central vein |
| What do Kupffer cells do? | Phagocytic cells |
| Where are endothelial cells located? | Line sinusoids |
| What is the main cell type in the sinusoid, and what is its function? | Hepatocytes that sit in rows next to sinusoid Have microvilli extending into Space of Disse Produce bile |
| What do Ito cells do and where are they located? | Store Vit A in lipid droplets Transforms into myofibroblast after inflammation, causes cirrhosis In Space of Disse |
| What is cirrhosis? | Replacement of normal tissue with scar tissue cuts off blood supply to hepatocytes |
| What does hepatocytes secrete bile into? | The bile canaliculus between hepatocytes which then travels opposite blood |
| What is bile? What 2 things does it contain? | A thick alkaline fluid containing: -bile salts from cholesterol that emulsify fats in duodenum - bile pigments that are breakdown products of haemoglobin |
| What are the two bile pigments? | Biliverdin (green) Bilirubin (red) |
| Which zone of the liver lobules get the most oxygenated/nutritious blood but are also more affected by toxins? | Zone 1, Zone 2/3 have less |
| What does zone 1 of the lobules metabolise compared to zone 2/3? | Zone 1 metabolises glucose Zone 2/3 metabolises stored glycogen |
| In paracetamol poisoning, where does damage first occur? | The central vein because closest to zone 1 |
| Can the liver regenerate at all times? | Yes, unless in cirrhosis |
| What is the function of the gallbladder? | Receives/stores/concentrates bile from liver bile ducts |
| How does the gallbladder achieve the desired concentration of bile? | Na+/K+ ATPase |
| What is the epithelial cell type of the gallbladder? | Tall, simple, columnar epithelium with irregular brush border |
| What stimulates the smooth muscle layer in the gallbladder? | Cholecystokinin released by cells of duodenum when food arrives |
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