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| Question | Answer |
| Who developed the Theory of the 4 Humours? | Hippocrates |
| Name the 4 humours | Black bile, Yellow bile, Blood, Phlegm |
| Explain how the theory of 4 humours works | When ill the body has too much of one humour and this needs to be removed by purging, bloodletting, etc |
| Who was Galen? | A roman doctor living in the 2nd century BC |
| What theory did Galen develop? | Theory of Opposites |
| How did Galen’s theory work? | Instead of removing excess humours the doctor can now add the opposite humour to put them back in balance |
| Why did people still believe in Galen 1000 years later? | The Church supported Galen's teachings and no-one dared to question the church |
| How did the church influence ideas about the cause and treatment of disease? | Disease was a punishment sent by God for your sins, only prayers could cure you. |
| What did people believe caused the Black Death? | God and other supernatural reasons |
| What treatments did people use against the plague? | Prayer, lucky charms, bloodletting, purging |
| What was the role of women in medicine in the middle ages? | Housewife-physician knew traditional remedies and herbal remedies, could treat broken bones and childbirth |
| What did Vesalius write? | Fabric of the Human Body in 1543 |
| How did Vesalius prove Galen wrong and why was this important? | His illegal dissections proved that some of Galen's teachings were wrong, e.g. the human jawbone was not in two parts. |
| What did Harvey do? | Proved that blood was circulated around the body by the heart, not as Galen said produced in the liver and used up by the body. |
| Why was the invention of the printing press important? | It allowed new ideas to be spread easily and cheaply around Europe. |
| Who developed better lenses for microscopes in the 17th century? | Antoine van Leeuwenhoek's new lenses allowed him to see bacteria, which he called animalcules. |
| What were living conditions like in the industrial revolution? | overcrowded, air and water pollution, unhygienic |
| Name 4 killer diseases in the industrial revolution | Diptheria, Cholera, Smallpox, Typhoid, Tubercolosis |
| Describe the two main theories of the causes of disease in 1800. | Spontaneous Generation Miasma |
| What did Jenner discover? | A vaccination for smallpox. |
| How did Jenner make his discovery? | Observed that milkmaids caught cowpox and this made them immune to smallpox. |
| List the factors involved in Jenner’s discovery | Chance, Government intervention, Individual |
| Who developed Germ Theory? | French Chemist Louis Pasteur in 1861. |
| How was Germ Theory developed? | While working in the brewing industry Pasteur observed through an improved microscope that microbes grew in the liquid. |
| What was the role of Robert Koch? | In 1875 Koch investigated whether bacteria was linked to disease, he then identified the microbes that caused anthrax in sheep. Later he identified the microbes that caused TB and cholera. |
| Who was John Hunter and what did he do? | Hunter was a mid-17th century doctor. He lectured on anatomy and emphasised the importance of observation and experiment. Jenner was one of his students. |
| How did you become a doctor in the 1800s | Need a certificate from one of 3 colleges; Surgeons, Apothecaries or Physicians. By 1858 all doctors had to be registered with the General Medical Council. |
| Why is Elizabeth Garrett Anderson famous? | Fought convention to become the first female doctor in Britain. |
| Explain why Florence Nightingale is important to nursing. | Work in Crimean War was reported by newspapers. established a nursing school in London in 1860. Wrote over 200 books. Set high standards for care and nursing. |
| What were conditions like in hospitals in the early 1800s? | Hospitals were funded by donations, treatment depended on ability to pay. Many poor people entered workhouses where the could get some treatment. |
| How had hospitals changed by 1900? | Clean sheets, wooden floors for easy cleaning, nurses dressed in white uniforms, big windows for light and ventilation, a more professional approach. |
| What is a magic bullet? | A chemical drug which targets a specific disease without harming the rest of the body. |
| Who discovered Salvarsan 606 | Ehrlich's team were trying to find a cure for syphilis, but were unsuccessful. However, a new team member, Dr Hata, checked previous results and found that experiment 606 was effective. |
| What was the 2nd magic bullet and who discovered it? | Prontosil, discovered by Domagk in 1932,was effective against blood poisoning. The key ingredient was a compound called sulphonamide. |
| How did Fleming discover penicillin? | While working on another experiment he noticed that a mould had grown and was attacking the bacteria he was working on. |
| What was the role of Florey and Chain? | When Fleming abandoned his research these two carried picked up the research in 1939, to try to find a way to mass produce penicillin. |
| Why was the NHS set up? | To provide free universal health care to British people. |
| What does the NHS provide? | Eye tests, ambulances, emergency care, intensive care, dentists, etc., etc. |
| Name 5 modern pieces of medical equipment | X-ray machines, endoscopes, pacemakers, dialysis machines, scanners, microscopes, radiotherapy, etc. |
| Name the problems with water supply in 1350. | No rubbish removal, no sewers, no fresh water supply, polluted rivers, no link between dirt and disease. |
| What does laissez-faire mean? | No government intervention. |
| How did the local authorities try to stop the spread of the plague in 1665? | Closed theatres, banned large funerals, killed cats and dogs, collected dead daily, isolated plague victims in their houses, prayed. |
| Explain why the government was involved in the problem of gin and vaccinations | Gin was having a bad effect on society and the economy. Vaccinations were ordered because people were scared to have them voluntarily. |
| Who was Edwin Chadwick and what did he do? | Secretary to the Workhouse Commission, he wrote a report on living conditions among the working class. |
| Why was Chadwick's report ignored? | Water companies thought it would affect profits. Middle classes didn't want to pay more taxes. The idea of laissez-faire. |
| What did the 1848 Health Act set out to do? | Allowed towns to set up their own Board of Health, appoint a local medical officer, organise rubbish removal, build sewers. |
| What did the 1875 Health Act set out to do? | Made councils responsible for providing clean water, public toilets, rubbish removal, sewers and drains. |
| Who was John Snow and what did he do? | A doctor, in 1854, investigating the cause of cholera, discovered that the cause was polluted water, however he still thought that this was concentrated miasma |
| Who was Joseph Bazalgette and what did he do? | Engineer who built the London sewer system as a consequence of the Great Stink of 1858. |
| How does the government educate people about health? | Promotion of healthy diets, education in schools, anti-smoking campaigns and laws, health and safety laws, disposal of rubbish, Clean Air Act, health officers to check restaurants, vaccines for children. |
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