MIdterm #2

Question	Answer
Ecosystem	All of the organisms in a given area plus the physical environment in which they interact
Ecosystem Services	Essential ecological processes that make life on Earth possible. Benefits: nutrient cycle, air and water purification. Ecosystem Goods: Food and Fuel
Net Primary Productivity	A measure of the amount of energy captured via photosynthesis and actually stored in the photosynthesis organism
Food Security	Having physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food. Ex: Livestock Rearing
Food Sovereignty	The right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems. Ex: Fishing
Biotic	Living things or their materials that directly or indirectly affect an organism in its environment. Ex: disease, predation, parasitism
Abiotic	Non-living physical and chemical factors which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Ex: temperature range, water availability, level of pullutant
Spatially Defined Area	Blank
Acclimation	Adjustments made by a particular individual daily, seasonal: going into hibernation, starting migration, moving from the sun to the shade. (ADJUSTMENTS TO CONDITIONS) Ex: birds migrating south for the winter.
Adaptation	Genetic changes through natural selection that improve and organisms ability to carry out daily/seasonal life-cycle functions for growth, maintenance and reproduction. Ex: elephants migrating, due to lack of water.
Liebig's Law of Minimum	The health and well-being of any individual organism is controlled/determined by the availability of the scarcest resource(limiting factor) Ex: Caribou migration
Ecosystem Services relation to provisioning services	They are ecosystem services that describe the material or energy outputs from ecosystems. Ex: food, water and other resources.
Ecosystem services relate to regulating services	The services that and ecosystem provides by acting as regulators. Ex: air regulation, water regulation
The F's of NPP	Food, Fuel, Fibers, Fabrication
Best waste product?	Oxygen. Plants give it off (waste), yet everyone else absorbs it.
The limiting factor of global scale NPP?	The carrying capacity of Earth.
Carrying Capacity	The populating size that an area can support dor the long term. It's possible that an abiotic or biotic threat may coming to decrease the population of the species.
Habitat	The physical environment in which individuals of a particular species can be found. Ex: Prickly pear cactus in desert areas
Niche	The role a species plays in its community. Ex: A fungi plants eating the decaying plants/animals on the ground
Slavery	The loss of one's access to and control over land, labor and food supply
Commodity	Any good or service ("products" or "activities”) produced by human labor and offered as a product for sale in the market.
Commodification	The transformation of goods and services, of nature, as well as of ideas, behaviors and other entities
Dependency Theory	The notion that resources flow from poor and underdeveloped states to wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.
Modernization Theory	A theory used to explain the process of modernization within societies.
World Systems Analysis	A multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change, emphasizes the world-system (and not nation states) as the primary

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