Flashcards
Information Literacy (Penn Foster)
Cards in this deck (54)
- 1Information Literacythe set of skills needed to find, retrieve, analyze and use information
- 2formulatecreate or devise methodically; express an idea in a concise or systematic way
- 3Power Searcha powerful online search tool
- 4Types of resources used in research1. libraries & museum archives;
2. websites & bulletin boards;
3. search engines & databases;
4. social media sites;
5. newspapers & periodicals;
6. television & cable networks;
7. radio, including podcasts;
8. books, dictionaries & encyclopedias;
9. first-person interviews;
10. your own interests & questions;
11. blogs & personal journals - 5Name six skills taught in any good information literacy course:1. how to formulate research questions;
2. how to select the best resources;
3. how to use digital resources;
4. how to conduct effective searches;
5. how to evaluate resources;
6. how to use & cite info ethically & legally. - 6What is the purpose of an Information Literacy course?To familiarize the student with ways to conduct research, which resources you can use and the legal and ethical use of information.
- 7Why should every student take a course in Information Literacy?Because conducting research for academic or professional purposes can be quite a bit more complex than the everyday research and "Googling" most people use for online shopping, booking travel plans, house-hunting or vehicle purchases, etc.
- 8What's the very first step you should take when starting your research for an academic or professional project? Step 2? Step 3, 4 and 5?1. Choose and refine your topic;
2. Find and retrieve materials;
3. Evaluate your success;
4. Organize your information;
5. Cite your sources.
(Choose & refine; find & retrieve; evaluate; organize; cite.) - 9cognitive biasA systematic error in thinking that occurs in processing and interpreting information. Thought processing errors deviating from rational objectivity.
(First introduced by researchers Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972.) - 10What are some examples of cognitive biases?1. Only paying attention to news stories that confirm your opinions;
2. Blaming outside factors when things don't go your way;
3. Attributing other people's success to luck, but taking personal credit for your own accomplishments;
4. Assuming that everyone else shares your opinions or beliefs;
5. Learning a little about a topic and then assuming you know all there is to know about it.
www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-cognitive-bias-2794963 - 11What things can influence a cognitive bias?problems with:
memory;
attention;
attribution;
other mental mistakes. - 12What problems can cognitive bias lead to?Biased thinking and decision-making;
Can influence the way an individual sees and thinks about the world;
Can affect policy and decision-making in many areas of our world, including social behavior, cognition, behavioral economics, education, management, healthcare, business, and finance.
www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-cognitive-bias-2794963 - 13systemic biasPrejudice, bigotry, or unfairness directed by health, educational, government, judicial, legal, religious, political, financial, media, or cultural institutions towards individuals of an oppressed or marginalized group creating disadvantageous outcomes for peoples from those groups.
(Contrast with systematic bias.) - 14implicit biasprejudice, bigotry, or unfairness directed by someone from a privileged group towards individuals from an oppressed or marginalized group (also called unconscious bias)
- 15systematic biasA sampling error that stems from the way in which the research is conducted and can therefore be controlled by the researcher. (Contrast with systemic bias.)
- 16What are the causes cognitive bias?Emotions;
Individual motivations;
Limits on the mind's attention and ability to process information;
Social pressures;
Mental heuristics;
Age may also increase bias due to older people's decreased cognitive flexibility. - 17heuristicsA problem-solving method that uses shortcuts to produce good-enough solutions given a limited time frame or deadline. As a result of these limitations, we are forced to rely on mental shortcuts to help us make sense of the world.
(Concept introduced in the 1950s by psychologist Herbert Simon.) - 18What are some ways of challenging and overcoming your own cognitive biases?1. Being aware of bias;
2. Considering the factors that influence your decisions;
3. Challenging your biases. - 19cognitive authorityIdeas and information outside the range of direct experience that comes from the kind of authority that influences thoughts that people would consciously recognize being proper. (Example: information from a recognized authority or expert.)
- 20Why is Wikipedia not a reliable or acceptable resource for academic research?Due to its editorial policies and lack of oversight. It is a collaborative online encyclopedia that lets anyone to anonymously edit an article, allowing for biased and inaccurate points of view. Editors are not required to provide any identification or an email address. Accuracy is dependent upon contributors' self-regulation.
- 21Why is Google or Google Scholar not a reliable or acceptable resource for academic research?1. Google Scholar does not provide a complete list of publishers, professional societies or other organizations;
2. Does not provide the criteria for what makes its results "scholarly". Results are often vary in quality;
3. Currently lacks the ability to easily focus your search. Does not allow users to limit results to either peer reviewed or full text materials or by discipline;
4. Coverage is is wide-ranging but not comprehensive. To do in-depth research, you need to use a subject specific database;
5. Google Scholar's citation tracker can be difficult to use and inaccurate;
6. Google Scholar does not provide notice of when its materials are updated;
7. Google makes money based on what users click;
8. When you use Google, you have to take the time to conduct research on the sources themselves to ensure it's reliable. - 22Primary SourceOriginal sources of information;
Written by those with firsthand experience;
Evidence left behind by participants or observers. - 23Secondary SourceAccounts of the event written after the event took place;
Sources created by persons who didn't experience the event firsthand using primary sources. - 24What are the advantages of using primary sources?They are accounts of firsthand experiences made by an individual(s) who's been through the event and has a unique perspective.
- 25What are the advantages of using secondary sources?They are the taken from the perspective of an outside observer, have the advantage of hindsight and may be more objective.
- 26Internet browsera tool you use to access the Internet
- 27search enginetools you use within an Internet browser to find information stored on the Internet
- 28Name three academic search engines:1. seek education
2. refseek
3. VirtualLRC.com - 29cluster search enginescluster searches scour multiple search engines, combine the results, and generate a list based on comparative ranking
https://wislawjournal.com/2009/05/04/search-engines-besides-google063-who-knew063/ - 30algorithma process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.
- 31Name the three parts of any search engine:Spider or crawler
Index
Search Engine Software - 32What five basic tasks do all search engines perform?Crawl
Index
Match
Locate
Display - 33bibliographya list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, typically printed as an appendix. (Oxford Dictionary)
- 34plain language searcha simple word, phrase or question; the most common way to search a website or search engine.
- 35keywordAn informative word used in an information retrieval system to indicate the content of a document; a word that serves as a key to the meaning of another word.
- 36keyword searchA type of search that looks for matching documents that contain one or more words specified by the user; looks for words anywhere in the record for the informative word or "keyword" that you have entered.
- 37search termis the exact word or set of words a customer enters when searching on search engine.
- 38What is Boolean Logic?A logic sequence that uses the operators "and," "or" or "not" in a sequence of words to get more exact search results.
- 39truncationuses symbols like *, $, !, #, ? to replace end letters or add them in a search term to find something specific.
- 40wildcardsuses symbols like *, $, !, #, ? to replace a letter in a search term, usually when a word has different spellings, but the meaning is the same.
- 41plagiarismthe practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own
- 42summarya condensed version of an idea which is also written in your own words
- 43paraphraseto write in your own words
- 44Intellectual Propertyan idea, invention or process that derives from the work of the mind or intellect
- 45Fair UseAn exemption under the copyright law which allows an individual to make a single copy of a periodical article or select portions of a book for personal study, research or academic use.
- 46derivative workswork that is based heavily upon the work of someone else
- 473 common methods of plagiarism:Cut-and-paste;
Paraphrasing;
Self-plagiarism - 48TrademarkRepresents and protects a brand; the symbols, word, words or names used by a company to represent the company or their product.
- 49CopyrightProtection that covers any literary, scientific or artistic work, whether published or unpublished, as long as it is in a tangible or material form.
- 50PatentProtects inventions and/or processes and prevents other people from marketing, producing or selling them for a period of time specified in the patent.
- 51What are the two main citation methods used in college-level research?MLA (Modern Language Association)
APA (American Psychological Assn) - 52What subject areas mostly use the MLA method of citation?English
Art History
Graphic Arts
Music Appreciation - 53What subject areas mostly use the APA method of citation?Early Childhood Education,
Medical and Veterinary Science,
Biology, Business, Criminal Justice,
Nutrition, Psychology, Sociology
and Paralegal Studies (also uses Bluebook) - 54DOIdigital object identifier
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- Description
- Techniques and resources for developing strong research skills and for the formulation of effective questions for conducting research and issues surrounding the legal and ethical use of information.
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- Mish Madison
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