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Flashcards by tommarsh9999, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by tommarsh9999
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Problem's facing Mao's government in 1949 | -Falling agricultural/industrial production -soaring inflation/ lost all foreign currency to GMD -rift between China and Western Powers - needed to establish its power through China |
| Actions taken by Mao's government in early years | -Strict regulation of economy/expenditure cut/new currency introduced (Remnibi) -property of GMD supporters confiscated -nationalised big industries e.g. banks, gas, electricity, etc - 3 x unification campaigns in 1950/1 (Tibet, Xianjiang and Guangdong) - new constitution with CPC at heart of Chinese system |
| 3 branches to Mao's new government | state bureaucracy, CPC and PLA |
| Party Membership in: 1949? 1950? | 1949- 4.4 million 1950- 5.8 million |
| total population in china in 1950 | around 500 million |
| what was the 'iron-rice bowl' | idea that party cadres could guarantee themselves of employment and income for life |
| membership of pla in 1950 | 5 million |
| % of state budget spent on PLA in 1950 | 40% |
| extent of partial demobilisation of PLA. ie membership in: 1950? and 1953? | 1950- 5 million 1953- 3.5 million |
| number of new conscripts each year in PLA in early 1950's? | 800,000 each year who all served for 3 years |
| PLA by world standards? | largest army in world in terms of numbers |
| revolutionary disciplines embodied by PLA according to Mao | discipline, self sacrifice, endurance, perseverence |
| date of Korean war | 1950-53 |
| roles of pla | - army -pass on communist ideology - act as idols for Chinese population worked on public works schemes e.g building bridges etc |
| by 1951, all Chinese citizens had to have a permit to... | travel between provinces |
| prosititution was... | virtually eradicated by cpc government by 1953 |
| date of 'resist America and aid korea' campaign | 1950 |
| result of 1950 resist America campaign | by 1951, most foreigners, except soviets, had left china |
| date of 'Supression of counter revolutionaries ' campaign | 1950 |
| target of 'suppression of counter revolutionaries' campaign | bandits, those with links to gmd regime, members of religious sects |
| result of 'suppression of counter revolutionaries' campaign | 50,000 denounced in both shanghai and Guangdong each. 89,000 elsewhere 28,000 people executed, many in public |
| three antis campaign: date? Target? result? | -1951 - corruption, waste and obstructionist bureaucracy -successful in rooting out opposition and some party members forced to self criticise |
| the five antis campaign: date? target? Result? | -1952 - directed against bourgeoisie, five antis were bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on govt contracts and economic espionage -public denunciations, 3 million committed suicide rather than face humiliation |
| date of first major purge within cpc? target? | -1953 - Gao Gang and Rao |
| two major aspects of social change that mao targeted in early years | gender equality and free education for all |
| result of land reforms in early 1950's | - cemented relationship between cpc and peasantry - landlord class almost ceased to exist |
| first step towards collectivisation of agriculture in early 50's | Mutual aid teams- around 10 families pooling labour and equipment |
| problems facing women in china | - foot binding - arranged marriage - concubinage hard labour as well as child bearing |
| advancements made by women in china under Mao | -represented in government - right to vote - ban on concubinage -greater educational opportunities - new marriage law 1950 banned arranged marriages |
| year of new marriage law? what did it outlaw? | -1950 - banned arranged marriage |
| % students who passed each year in Chinese schools before cpc takeover | 5% |
| number of schools In China at time of cpc takeover | 31 run by UK or US foundations, and another 32 by Christian organisations |
| literacy rates in early 20th century? | 30% |
| % children attending school in china before cpc takeover | 20% |
| % children in schools by; 1956? 1976? | 1956- less than 50% 1976- 96% |
| in 1952, % state budget spent on education | only 6% |
| what were 'key schools' | top schools, meant for top achievers but in reality for the children of high ranking party officials |
| effect of strains on Chinese-soviet relations to education | Chinese students could no longer go to university/study in USSR |
| target of 'Patriotic health campaign' | improve sanitation and hygiene, thereby reducing disease |
| % state budget which was spent on healthcare | 1.3% |
| time period of collectivisation of agriculture | 1953-57 |
| how many years did mao presume transition to full socialism would take? | 15 years |
| examples of those favouring more cautious approach to change re collectivisation, in opposition to maos desire for rapid change | Liu Shaoqi & Bo Yibo |
| when were mutual aid teams first set up? | 1951 |
| when were first APC's set up? | 1952/53 |
| number of households involved in APC's | around 30-50 households to pool land as well as labour |
| when did mao warn against 'rash advance' with regards to collectivisation policy | 1953 |
| when did mao argue against 'rash retreat' with regards to collectivisation? | 1954 |
| effects of mao's warning against 'rash retreat' | peasant resistance and poor harvest in 1954 |
| effects of mao's 1953 warning against rash advance? | spontaneous capitalism and wealthier peasants taking advantage |
| when did mao apply brakes on pace of collectivisation for 2nd time? | Jan 1955 |
| when and what was 'stop, contract, develop' campaign? | -1955 - signalled to expansion of APC's for 18 months |
| Mao's opinion on pace of change re collectivisation at end of 1955? | - changed his mind for 4th time and began to push again for rapid change |
| when and how large were 'higher stage' APC's? | - introduced 1955 - around 300 to 500 households |
| % peasants in APC's? 1955? 1956? | 1955- 17 million 1956- 75 million |
| % of chinas peasants in APC's by 1956? | 63% |
| % of china's peasants still farming as private individuals by 1956? | only 3% |
| consequences of collectivisation of agriculture | -cpc control strengthened in countryside -mao became more convinced of mass mobilisation, but Liu shaoqi and Deng xiaoping disagreed -agricultural production grew by just 3.8% - debate about whether or not peasants living standards improved |
| first five year plan date | 1953-57 |
| key targets/priorities of first five year plan | -iron -steel -energy -transport |
| what were 'patriotic savings campaigns' | - during first five year plan, govt encouraged Chinese people to make savings in state banks to help finance investment |
| what were 'government procurement quotas' | - quotas of grain requisitioned by government |
| result of first five year plan? | - all targets met by 1956 and most exceeded targets |
| Millions of tonnes of coal produced - target? -result? | -target= 113 million tonnes -result= 130 million tonnes |
| millions of tonnes of steel produced -target? -result? | -target=4.1 million tonnes result= 5.3 million tonnes |
| locomotives made during first five year plan -target -result? | target= 200 units result= 167 units |
| trucks created during first 5 year plan -target? -result? | -target= 4000 units result= 7500 units |
| problems revealed by first five year plan | - many workers we illiterate -> much machinery broken/wasted as result - bureaucratic delays -competition between industries and between state/private business for scarce resources |
| scale of people moving towards urban areas during 1st 5 year plan urban population in: 1949? 1957? | 1949- 57 million living in cities 1957- 100 million |
| when did Mao abolish private business? and why did he face little oopposition? | -1955 - because business owners had already taken bruisinh after five antis campaign in 1952 |
| rise in production during first five year plan period 1953-57 agricultural? industrial? | - agricultural= 3.8% -industrial= 18% |
| year of hundred flowers campaign | 1957 |
| how many people were branded 'rightists' by mao in aftermath of hundred flowers campaign (1957) | 500,000 |
| consequences of hundred flowers campaign (1957) | -silenced criticism of cpc for a generation -party unity strengthened -mao's position became unchallengable -intellectuals in china nullified |
| year of beginning of GLF | 1958 |
| Mao's targets to overtake Britain and USA industrial production ahead of GLF | - overtake Britain in 7 years and USA soon after |
| Mao's belief about how GLF could be achieved | - mass mobilisation -correct leadership by cpc |
| target set by Mao for steel production during GLF | - 70 million tonnes by 1970, double the figure approved by the Central Committee |
| Target set by mao for grain production ahead of GLF | 430 million tonnes, more than double anything china had ever produced in the past |
| Mao's policy on agriculture and collectivisation ahead of GLF | - grouping of APC's into even larger communes consisting of around 20,000 people |
| what was 'agricultural constitution' | - 8 point agenda for agriculture based in theories of discredited soviet scientist Lysenko |
| what were backyard furnaces? | - communes ordered to also become centres of industry and melt any excess steel in order to increase steel production |
| what was the four no's campaign? | -launched during GLF - aimed to eliminate 4 pests: flies, mosquito, rats and sparrows. - this is because they, especially sparrows, were believed to consume large quantities of grain. - this backfired as sparrows ate caterpillars who were actually consuming the grain |
| example of CPC official who disagreed with Mao about pace of change during GLF but did not speak out | Zhou Enlai |
| name of first commune set up during GLf and why? | -Sputnik Commune -because Sputnik had recently been sent to space by USSR and to Mao this proved the superiority of Communist system |
| 1958 harvest figures? | -govt claimed 375 million tonnes as proof of GLF success - actual figure was nearer 200 million -targets for 1959 set even higher as a result |
| 1959 harvest figures target? govt claimed figure? actual figure? | - target= 430 million tonnes govt figure= 270 million tonnes -actual figure= 170 million tonnes |
| situation in 1960 as a result of GLF | -situation deteriorated further in 1960 -food shortages hit cities -rice rations were reduced -vegetables and cooking oil disappeared completely |
| speed of backyard furnaces being set up | -1958= 14% of steel produced in backyard furnaces 1959= 49% |
| number of people involved in backyard furnaces | 90 million |
| failures of backyard furnaces and year they were abandoned? | -only 9 million tonnes of steel produced in 1958 and much of this was unacceptable quality - abandoned in 1959 |
| factors for failure of GLF | -floods in 1959 led to bad harvest -anti rightist campaign 1957 had purged many crucial experts -waste of human and material resources -break with USSR in 1960 led to withdrawal of soviet loans -misjudgement by mao of chinas revolutionary enthiusiasm |
| When and why was peng Dehuai purged? | -1959 - wrote a private letter to Mao criticising his role in GLF but Mao turned on him and humiliated him in politburo |
| year when GLF was abandoned and third 5 year plan was adopted | -1961 |
| number of peasants returning from towns to countryside after failure of GLF | 25 million |
| results of third five year plan | -by 1965, agricultural production had recovered to 1957 levels -light industry exapanded by 27%, heavy industry by 17% -Oil production increased-> no longer reliant on USSR |
| year of launch of Cultural revolution | 1966 |
| name of play which started first battles of cultural revolution in 1966 | 'Han Rui dismissed from office', which had clear parallels with purge of Peng Dehuai in 1959 |
| what were the 'four olds' which mao denounced during cultural revolution? | -old culture -old ideas -old customs -old habits |
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