Personality Approaches and Psychometrics

Question	Answer
What does orthogonal mean? Which model of personality is most popular?	The way information from one dimension cannot predict another The five factor model
Name the first two personality dimensions Eysenck developed? What did he do for each dimension?	Extroversion and Neuroticism He listed personality factors that fit this dimension followed by facets that fit into these personality traits
What was extroversion paired with? What was neuroticism paired with? What were the four categories when the two dimensions were crossed?	Introversion Stability Stable Extrovert Stable Introvert Neurotic Introvert Neurotic Extrovert
What is a neurotic introvert? "Neurotic Extrovert "Stable Introvert "Stable Extrovert	High arousal to emotional stimuli but seeks calm not excitement High arousal to emotional stimuli but instead easily bored so seeks calm High arousal to emotional stimuli seeks excitement Low arousal and seeks calm Low arousal seeks excitement
What was the third dimension Eysenck developed? Why did he add this dimension? What is psychoticism?	Psychoticism He felt the first two personality types were insufficient to explain clinical personality data Describes people who lack empathy, are cruel, aggressive and loners
What was developed from these personality dimensions? Who made the big 5? What are the 5 personality traits in the big 5?	The big 5 Costa and McCrae 1992 Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Example of what each measure in OCEAN	O- Feelings/ideas/values C- Competence, order, self discipline E- Sociability, dominance A- Trust, altruism compliance N- Irrationality, tension, shyness
PSYCHOMETRICS: What personality questionnaire can Eysencks dimensions be measured on? What did the questionnaire contain? Example Question measuring Extraversion? Example Question measuring Neuroticism?	EPQR -Eysencks personality questionnaire revised 12 Questions for each four factors (Introversion, Extraversion, Stability and Neuroticism) Are you a talkative person? Do you often feel fed up?
Criticisms of EPQ-R What is key when evaluating a questionnaire? What is internal consistency?	1. Questioned whether questions on extroversion are too focused on sociability 2. Measures of Neuroticism have been likened to Grays SP questionnaire Internal consistency Where correlation is used to measure whether different items on a questionnaire that propose to measure the same thing produce similar scores
What is internal consistency used to measure? What measure is used nowadays? What is Cronbachs alpha?	How well traits hang together within a supposed factor Cronbach Alpha A measure of how well different questions address the same underlying personality variable, if they predict well then answered to one question should strongly predict the answers to another question
What does it mean if Cronbachs Alpha is only moderate? What score is classed as good in Cronbach's alpha?	It is likely that two or more personality factors are used/ underly for that measure, i.e. not just one personality dimension is being measured. 0.7+
How do Eysencks Psychoticism traits hang together?	The item vs rest of test correlation was fairly low which means that they are not very coherent and the traits do not hang together that well
Who found the the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism are reliable? What did they do? What did they find? Interpretation	Francis et al 1992 They used Cronbach's alpha to find values/correlations for personality dimensions using EPQ and EPQ-R That for psychoticism some value for some questions were as low as 0.31, scores for extraversion were all greater than 0.76 and scores for neuroticism were all greater than 0.7 Extraversion and neuroticism are both coherent
What did this study lead to?	Extraversion and Introversion being picked for the big 5 and not psychoticism
What did Francis et al 1992 also find regarding orthogonality?	There is a low-moderate negative correlation between Extraversion & Neuroticism
BIS/BAS Internal consistency: Who used Cronbachs alpha for BIS/BAS? What did they find?	Carver and White 1994 That for BIS correlations were above 0.7 and for BAS drive and BAS reward responsiveness was above 0.7, BAS fun seeking was 0.66 up to 0.7
What else did Carver and White test? What did they do? Result: What else did they test? Result:	BIS/BAS test re-test relaibility Got subjects to complete the same test 8 weeks apart Correlations for BIS/BAS drive/BAS reward responsive and BAS fun seeking were all above 0.6 which is very good for a short questionnaire Orthogonality For BIS vs BAS drive and BAS fun seeking they were all low apart from BIS vs reward responsiveness which was quite hgh (+0.28)
What did Torrubia et al 2001 use Cronbachs alpha for? What did they find?	SPSR Correlations that were greater than 0.76 for SP and SR questions which equals good coherence and good test re-test stability which declined as interval increased but was still good after 3+ years and also with regard to orthogonality the correlations of the SP and SR questions were between -0.05 and 0.8 which suggests orthogonality of SP and SR
What did Tagahashi et al 2007 find?	BIS and BAS had high correlations in Cronbach's alpha (greater than 0.78) and also found correlations of 0.06 between BIS and BAS which provides evidence for orthogonality
Who invented factor analysis? Who developed and popularised factor analysis? What is the aim of factor analysis?	Spearmann Cattell To find the fewest orthogonal dimensions that plot personality and the fewest factors on to which any high number of personalities load
Who argued that using factor analysis when looking at diverse assessment of personality you end up conforming to a 5 dimesion structure? Name each personality dimension of the big 5 and their links to other personality systems in the brain:	Costa and McCrae 1987 Openness- Creativity Conscientiousness - Undirectedness Extraversion -BAS- SR - Novelty/thrill seeking Agreeableness -Psychoticism and Hexico's H/H Neuroticism -BIS SP Harm avoidance
How did Gray state his SPSR axis fit onto Eysencks personality axis of Extraversion/Neuroticism? How did he change this later?	At 45 degrees to Eysencks making a cross of the two orthogonal dimensions To 30 degrees because he saw evidence that anxiety was more closely related to neuroticism than introversion
How did an anxious person to Gray fit onto Eysencks axis? How did an anxious person on Eysenck fit into Gray?	Neurotic Introvert High end of Grays SP
What are the two key aims of personalty research? What are the big 2?	1. To find which and how may personality factors efficiently describe personality 2. To derive questionnaires that reliability tap those personality factors Extraversion and Neuroticism
What is the brain system argued to control Neuroticism/stability? "Extraversion/Introversion? Who came after Eysenck and Gray and argued that humans have four temperament domains and three character domains? What are they?	Cortico-Limbic Circuitry Reticulo-Cortical Circuitry Cloninger 1987 Temperament Domains: Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, Harm Avoidance and Persistence (added later) Character Domains: Self-directedness, Self-Transcendence and cooperativeness
How did the temperaments link to other personality concepts?	Novelty seeking: BAS, Extraversion, Behavioural activation - brain system and principle nueromodulator is dopamine Harm Avoidance: BIS, Neuroticism, Behavioural Inhibition, Principle neuro-modulator is serotonin (ACTH) Reward Dependence: Similar BAS, Behavioural Maintenance, Principle Neuro-modulator Noradrenaline
What are the definitions for: Harm Avoidance: Novelty Seeking:	Heritable tendency to response intensely to aversive stimuli and their condition signals which lead to behaviour inhibition to avoid punishment and novelty Heritable tendency toward frequent exploratory activity and intense exhilaration in response to novel or appetitive stimuli
What was found when Cloningers tri-dimension personality questionnaire (tpq) against Carver and White's BIS/BAS questionnaire?	Harm avoidance and BIS have a strong positive correlation of 0.59 and negative correlations with BAS fun seeking (-0.27) and BAS drive (0.23) Novelty seeking and BAS have a strong positive correlation of 0.51 Reward dependence and BAS have a mildly positive correlation of 0.28 but reward dependence and BIS have a positive and strong correlation of 0.42
What was found comparing Cloningers TPQ vs Torrubias SPSRQ?	Harm Avoidance and SP were strongly positively correlated of 0.67 with A moderately negative correlation with SR (-0.19) Novelty seeking and SR had a moderate positive correlation of 0.27 and a moderately negative correlation with SP -0.24 Reward dependence and SR had a mild and positive correlation of 0.12
What did McCrae and Costa aim to do 1987 with the big 5? What was used? What is this? Example:	Aimed to validate the five factor model across other instruments so they got participants to do peer ratings of characteristics compromising each factor/trait Factor loading Representations of how much a factor explains a variable in factor analysis Extraversion - Strongest loading was a sociability characteristic
What was found with several characteristics? What were the results of the factor loading? What else was found? What was honesty/humility linked to? What would this have been known as?	That they could load onto two factors The more raters there are the higher the correlation between a self report score and a rater score, they also found pretty good general correlations with the exception of agreeableness A sixth factor known as honesty/humility was proposed but was decided it wasn't distinct enough from agreeableness, Honesty/humility was linked to the idea of reciprocal altrusim and would be mediated by neruopeptides like oxytocin This model would have been known as the Hexico model
Who investigated which personality factors best predict college performance? What did they do? Results: Interpretation:	Wolfe and Johnson 1995 Looked at correlations between 32 personality variables, high school scores and SAT scores with college academic success High school score account for 19% of variance in grade point average, self control/conscientiousness accounts for 9% of variance in GPA and SAT scores account for 5% of variance in GPA A personality variable was more predictive than a standard academic test taken before university
Who was this result mirrored by? Result:	Buastio et al 2000 Found conscientiousness predicted academic success constantly
Who challenged the results about conscientiousness? What did they argue?	Chamorro-premuzic et al 2003 That factors such as intelligence/abilities are emphasised as key to good academic performance however performance must be linked to personality as well as ability and that personality can influence depending on age and areas
What did they do? What performance measures were taken? Results:	They conducted two longitudinal studies using Costa and McCraes big 5 and Eysencks EPQ-R and academic behaviour indicators such as seminar behaviour rated by tutors, absenteeism and essay marks and compared these predictors to personality measures Each years exams, total exam grades and final year project mark Neurtoticism worsens exam performance and leads to weaker/absent final year project, Conscientiousness improves both exam and final year project performance No advantage was found for introversion
What result were found in study 2: Interpretation:	Extroversion gave an advantage for final project possibly due to good social negotiations with tutor Psychoticism associated with worse performance in both exams and project Personality factors not just academic ability determines academic performance, personality can predict performance beyond academic measures such as essay scores, seminar behaviour and absenteeism of which none were robust
Who performed a meta-analysis on 117 studies looking into various occupation groups and their relationship with big 5 personality dimensions? What did they look at? Results: Interpretation:	Barrick and Mount 1991 Five major occupational groups, professionals, mangers, semi skilled, police and sales and compared their big 5 personality dimensions Conscientiousness was the most predictive personality variable, job success was predicted by conscientiousness in all 5 occupational groups and by extraversion in managers and sales, job efficiency was predicted by conscientiousness (+0.23), training proficiency was predicted by conscientiousness (0.23) and extraversion (0.26) and openness to experience (0.25), the best predictor of salary was conscientiousness at 0.17 Personality is predictive but correlations are not that high
Who did a meta-analysis on 137 personality traits and subjective well being? What did they do? What did they find? What was their final measure of?	DeNeve and Cooper (1998) One measurement was the satisfaction with life scale, example 'in most ways my life is ideal' another measurement was the memorial scale of happiness, example ' I am just as happy as when I was younger' For satisfaction with life scale: All big 5 factor except neuroticism are positively correlated with life satisfaction and conscientiousness had the strongest positive correlation with life satisfaction Scale of happiness: All factors except neuroticism are positively correlated with happiness scale, strong positive correlation with extraversion (0.27), extraversion is the strongest predictor of subjective well being Positive affect, example, Have you experienced joyful emotions in the last day Negative affect 'Have you experienced frustration in the last day?'

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