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Description
Flashcards by Malachy Moran-Tun, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Malachy Moran-Tun
over 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Model of Atom in Chemistry Cards | yeah |
| Electrons can be ______ to Higher _______ _______ | Electrons can be Excited to Higher Energy Levels |
| How does an Inner Electron Move Up to a Higher Energy Level / Shell? | Absorbs Electromagnetic Radiation with the Right Amount of Energy |
| What Happens to an Excited Electron after it Moves Up to a Higher Energy Level? | Quickly Falls Back into its Original Energy Level. This Emits the Same Amount of Energy it Absorbed |
| What does an Atom become if it Loses an Electron | Ionised |
| Isotopes also in chemistry cards | or revision guide if ya want em |
| What are Alpha Particles? | Helium Nuclei (two neutrons and two protons) |
| How far can Alpha Particles Penetrate? | A few centimetres in air Absorbed by a thin sheet of paper |
| What are Beta-Minus Particles? | A fast moving electron (released by the nucleus) They have virtually no mass Relative charge of -1 |
| What are Beta-Plus Particles? | A fast moving positron (antiparticle of the electron) They have virtually no mass Relative charge of +1 |
| How far can Beta-Minus Particles Penetrate? | A few metres in air Absorbed by a sheet of aluminium (about 5mm thick) |
| Do Positrons have a Larger or Smaller Range? | Smaller |
| What happens when a Positron hits and Electron? | Annihilation: Destroy each other and produce gamma rays |
| What are Gamma Rays? | Electromagnetic Waves with a Short Wavelength |
| How far can Gamma Rays Penetrate? | Yes. Very far indeed Big sheets of lead or metres of concrete stop them. |
| What happens when a Nucleus Emits an Alpha Particle? | Loses 2 Protons Loses 2 Neutrons so... Mass number -4 Atomic number -2 |
| What happens in a Beta-Minus Decay? | Neutron changes into a Proton and an Electron (via magic i'm assuming) Mass number doesn't change Atomic number increases by 1 |
| What happens in a Beta-Plus Decay? | Proton changes into a Neutron and an Positron (defo black magic) Mass number doesn't change Atomic number decreases by 1 |
| What happens when a Nucleus Emits a Neutron? | Mass number decreases by 1 |
| What happens when Gamma Rays are Emitted? | nothing lol |
| What is Background Radiation? | Low-Level radiation that's around us all the time. Includes cosmic rays from the Sun and nuclear fallout |
| Radioactivity is a Totally ______ Process | Radioactivity is a Totally AWESOME Process well... Radioactivity is a Totally RANDOM Process |
| What is Half-Life? | A game that can't count to 3 (damnit valve) or The average time taken for the number of radioactive nuclei of an isotope to halve. or The time taken for the activity to halve |
| How Dangerous are Sources with a Short Half-Life? | Very: they emit an extremely high amount of radiation initially. However, after the become safer |
| How Dangerous are Sources with a Long Half-Life? | Not as dramatically dangerous as short, however, nearby areas are exposed to radiation for millions of years, so they're also quite dangerous |
| How is Radiation Dangerous to Cells? | Lower Doses: Minor Damage without Killing the Cells. Gives rise to Mutant Cells which Divide Uncontrollably. Cancer :( Higher Doses: Kill Cells Completely. Radiation Sickness (vomiting, tiredness, hair loss) if a lot of cells get affected. |
| What is the Difference between Irradiation and Contamination | Exposure (being near to) a Radioactive Source is Irradiation - it DOES NOT become Radioactive Contamination is when Unwanted Radioactive Atoms get into an Object. Radioactive particles can cause Harm, especially if the Enter your Body |
| Why are Alpha Particles less Dangerous Outside the Body than Beta and Gamma? | They cannot penetrate skin. Inside they are Strongly Ionising, so they do A LOT of Damage in a Localised Area |
| What are some Examples of the Uses of Radiation? | Fire Alarms: Smoke absorbs weak source of alpha radiation which trips off an alarm Sterilisation of Food and Equipment: Radiation kills bacteria Tracers (more info in Revision Guide) |
| PET Scanning in Revision guide | there's just too much to explain |
| What is Radiotherapy? | Targeted doses of Radiation used to Kill Cancer Cells. |
| What happens in Internal Radiotherapy? | A Radioactive Material is placed Inside the Body, in or near a Tumor Usually an Alpha emitter as Beta emitters can Damage Cells Further Away |
| What happens in External Radiotherapy? | Gamma Rays are Aimed at the Tumour, which are able to Penetrate through the Patient's Body. It is Carefully Focused. Some Damage is still done, however |
| What is Nuclear Fission? | A type of Nuclear Reaction that is used to Release Energy (usually from Uranium or Plutonium). Huge Amounts of Energy can be Released by using a Chain Reaction |
| What Happens During the Chain Reaction of Nuclear Fission? | Slow Moving Neutron is Fired at an Unstable Nucleus (usually Uranium-235) Neutron is Absorbed (yummy) U-235 Splits into Two Daughter Nuclei, Energy is Released Each Time they Split, 2+ More Neutrons are Created, which can hit Uranium again... Chain Reaction |
| Why must Chain Reactions be Carefully Controlled? | Too many Fissions will cause a Runaway Reaction: Too Much Energy: Too Much Heat: Chernobyl II (meltdown) |
| How can Chain Reactions be Controlled? | A Control Rod which Absorbs Excess Neutrons |
| What is Nuclear Fusion? | Opposite of Nuclear Fission: Two Light Nuclei Collide to Join to create a Larger Nucleus |
| What Happens During the Nuclear Fusion? | Two Particles Fuse creating a Heavier Nucleus and Releases Energy (via black magic says the revision guide). There is Energy because the Heavier Nucleus is Lighter than the Total Mass of the Two Light Nuclei |
| What is a Problem with Nuclear Fusion | It can only happen at hot (10,000,000°C) No Material can Withstand that Temperature |
| Summarise how a Nuclear Power Station Works | Fission Reactions create Energy which is used to Boil Water which produces Steam to Spin a Turbine which creates Electricity |
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