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Description
Flashcards by alex.ostapchuk, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by alex.ostapchuk
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is statics? | The study of systems in constant motion (velocity), including systems at rest. |
| What is the study of dymamics? | study of systems in acceleration |
| What's the difference between kinetics and kinematics? Give examples of each. | Kinetics- the causation of motion based on push/pull forces. Kinematics- the description of motion without causation. (speed, direction, form, technique) |
| What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis? Who would use eachn? | Qualitative- without numbers. Coaches, teachers, clinicians. Quantiative- including numbers. Biophysical research, ergonomics. |
| What is a system? | Structure/organization of structures that you are analyzing. |
| Why do we use kinematics? | Provides standards for performance evaluation and coaching |
| What is linear motion? Is this kinematic or kinetic? Give e.g. | KINEMATIC: description a.k.a. translation- motion of all body parts along a straight (rectilinear) or curved line (curvilinear), moving at the same direction, at the same speed. e.g. jump up to a high bar in gymnastics |
| Angular Motion - kinematic or kinetic? Give e.g. | KINEMATIC: description rotation around a fixed axis e.g. body segments around joints, person skiing over a hill |
| What's the difference between a local and global reference frame? | Local: frame moves with body segments (relative) Global: inertial frame doesn't move in terms of gravity (inertial) |
| What is general motion? | Linear and angular motion combined (most movements) |
| What axis goes with the sagittal plane? | Mediolateral axis |
| Which axis goes with the coronal plane? | Anteroposterior axis |
| What axis goes with the transverse plane? | Longitudinal axis |
| What plane/axis do flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion occur in? | Sagittal/mediolateral |
| In which plane/axis does ulnar/radial deviation occur? | Coronal/anteromedial |
| What plane/axis does inversion and eversion occur in? | coronal/anteroposterior |
| What plane/axis does pronation/supination occur? | Transverse/longitudinal |
| How are cartesian reference frames organized? | P (Px, Py) |
| How are polar reference frames organized? | P (r, theta) |
| How do you convert polar coordinates into cartesian? | Take the two given sides and find the hypoteneus using Pythagorean Theorem Solve for the angle by taking tan=o/a and then using the inverse of tan |
| Define and state the units for INERTIA | Tendancy for an object to resist change in motion (i.e. resist acceleration) Proportional to the mass. |
| Define and state the units for MASS | Quantity of matter composing an object (kg) |
| Define and state the units for FORCE What are the two effects it can have on an object? What are the 3 things that it needs to be characterized? | represents push/pull action of one object on another -> accelerates/deforms objects 1. magnitude (how much F) 2. Direction 3. Point of application (N) = (kg)(m/s2) |
| Define and state the units for CENTRE OF GRAVITY | Point at which objects mass is concentrated (body weight is equally balanced) * can shift up/down depending on how body shapes distributes mass. (i.e. bend over, CoG will lower a bit) |
| Define and state the units for WEIGHT | Amount of gravitational force on object -> point of application, magnitude, and direction must all be specified (N) |
| Define and state the units for PRESSURE | Force distributed over a given area (pascals = N/m2) |
| Define and state the units for VOLUME | Space occupied by matter (cm3) lwh |
| Define and state the units for DENSITY | mass per unit volume (N/m3) |
| Define and state the units for TORQUE | Turning effect of Force on an object at a distance from the objects CoG. (eccentric force causes translation and rotation) vs. central force goes through CoG (n-m) |
| What is the moment arm? | Perpendicular distance between force line of action and the axis of rotation |
| Define and state the units for IMPULSE | product of F (magnitude of applied F) and time (duration of force application) (e.g. small force over long duration, large force over small duration) (n-s) |
| What are the primary minerals important for the compressive strength of a bone? | calcium carbonate! |
| What mineral helps bones in tensile strength? | Collagen! (allows flexibility) |
| What is stiffness? | The ratio of stress/strain in a loaded material |
| What is the difference between cortical and trabecular bone? | Cortical: highly compacted with minerals, low poprsity, can undergo more STRESS (i.e. stiffer) and LESS strain. Found in shafts of long bones. Trabecular: high porosity, filled with marrow/fat, can undergo more STRAIN (deformation). Found in ends of bones, verterbral discs |
| What does "bones are anisotrophic mean? | show difference strength/stiffness in response to the applied force |
| What are the biomechanical functions of bone? Other functions? | body framework, protection attachment sites for muscles mineral storage (Ca, P), fatty acids grwoth blood production endocrine organ |
| What is the difference between bone MODELING and REMODELING? | modeling: formation of new bone-mostly during adolescence at epiphyseal plates remodeling: reabsorption of damaged/old bone ad replacement of new bone (occurs throughout lifespan) |
| How does circumferential growth occur? | Internal layer builds new layers, while bone is reabsorped around medullary cavity... so inside diameter is enlarged to proportion. |
| What are load bearing tissues of the body? | tendons, ligaments, muscles, bones, cartilage |
| What is torsion? | one side twists- like in a knee injury skiing |
| What is "bending? | torques created at both ends- creates tension along one side and compression along the other. Tension side will fracture first since bone is less able to withstand that force. (better at withstanding compressive forces) |
| Explain, and draw, the load-deformation curve. Is this a structural or material representation of tissues? | Starts going up linear (elastic region) then becomes non-linear (plastic region) structural representation! |
| What is the difference between elasticity and plasticity? | Elasticity- no permanent damage when F is released- returns to normal shape Plasticity- permanent deformation (injury) |
| What is compliance? If something is very stiff, is it compliant? | The opposite (inverse of stiffness). So if you are very stiff, you are not very compliant. |
| What is mechanical stress? Which other kinetic quality is it related to? | The resulting force distribution in a body from an external force. Tissues develop resistance to this internal loading. Related to PRESSURE - but pressure is measured externally of the body. |
| What is mechanical strain? | A measure of change in the shape of loading. Measures deformation in relative terms (%) vs. deformation which is measured in absolute terms (mm) |
| What is a "normalized load"? | When tissue qualities are broken into fundemental properties to compare themselves to other structures |
| Explain the stress-strain curve, and draw. | Linear portion at start- Young's Modulus (stiffness) Then non-linear - due to fluid in tissues *normalized version of the load-deformation curve |
| What is Hooke's Law? And state formula. Give an example. | Says that stress-strain are linearly related. stress= youngs modulus x strain e.g. elastic bands |
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