Government and Faction (Tudors)

Question	Answer
Henrys condition in his latter years	Royal Supremacy Middle way approach, catholic doctrine, protestant practice. ill heath, fat bloated, old man- prevented him from running the country effectively? MANIPULATOR OR MANIPULATED? Dry stamp - (Denny-reformer) Henry losing power/control?
Fall of Thomas Cromwell	1540 -Henry's chief minister, (Reformist) His fall=Good for conservative faction. Norfolk (leader of conservative faction) didn't want parliament/ king to have to much control, believed the nobility should play a greater role. Norfolk accused Cromwell of being a heretic. The king charged him with heresy and treason=execution
The trial and execution of John Lambert	1538- John Lambert=protestant charged with heresy and for denying the real presence of christ -burnt at the stake (VICTORY FOR CONSERVATIVE FACTION) Followed the royal proclamation of confirming transubstantiation and clerical celibacy (Catholic ideas)
The Act of Six Articles	1539- Established uniformity in religion, confirmed transubstantiation, enforced communion, +outlawed clerical marriage, punishment for denying the presence of Christ (CATHOLIC DOCTRINE) (GOOD FOR CONSERVATIVE FACTION, although Cromwell was leader of the committee for act of 6 articles- he had no say the King decided everything, thus Cromwells position was weakened before his fall
Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves	1540 -Anne of Cleves=protestant. (HENRY HAD ALLIANCE WITH HER FATHER) for back up against a Catholic crusade, marriage however=unsuccessful (Cromwell was blamed) - VICTORY FOR CONSERVATIVE FACTION
The rise of Catherine Howard	(Norfolks niece- Conservative) Norfolk hoped that Catherine would be able to have influence over the King in decision making Helped to weaken Cromwells position in early years. VICTORY FOR CONSERVATIVE FACTION
The Fall of Catherine Howard	1542 - Catherine Howard ( Conservative) Victory for the REFORMISTS) catherine- unable to manipulate the king and had very little personal interest in him Anti Howard Faction (Protestant Reformists - Cranmer gathered evidence for Henry that Catherine was part of a plot, also that she had been cheating on him =Disastrous consequences for Norfolk
Fear, How many people did Henry execute in his latter years?	78,000-15,000 people killed for treason and heresy
Henry still had control : Manipulator	He took full control of waging war with France, Henry led army of 48,000 men into battle in France. Debasement, added taxes, dissolution of the monasteries - The Kings decision to raise money for War with France Henry ultimately always had the last say, no decisions went past him without his control (apart from the dry stamp), he directed the reformation, Henry's decision for the act of 6 articles
Marriage to Catherine Parr	(1543) - Catherine Parr- Reformist faction, Catherine's presence and influence over the King in his latter years indefinitely gave the reformist faction an advantage. She was influential in Henry's passing of the Third Succession Act in 1543 that restored both his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, to the line of succession to the throne
The Plot against Cranmer	(1543) - Cranmer=reformist Conservatives wanted to remove Cranmer as archbishop. Gardiner collected evidence for the fact that Cranmer was a traitor and a heretic. However Henry gave a ring to Cranmer symbolising his support for him + Henry put Cranmer in charge of the investigation of his trial, however pretended to be supporting Gardiner the whole time - HENRY IN CONTROL (MANIPULATOR) - playing the factions off against eachother IN THE END VICTORY FOR THE REFORMIST FACTION, henry wasn't going to let the conservative faction take another one of his faithful servants as a victim to faction
The Plot against Catherine Parr	(1546)- Catherine Parr (Protestant reformer) Norfolk believed she had a dangerous influence on the King. Gardiner tried to persuade Henry of her heretical views, Henry accepted the trial yet made Catherine aware of the situation, and didn't allow the trial to go on in the end, (PLAYING THE FACTIONS OFF AGAINST EACHOTHER ONCE AGAIN)
Denny	Had control of the dry stamp
Gardiners fall	(1546) -Failure for the conservative faction, he refused to hand over certain ecclesiastical lands to enable Henry to keep the boundaries of his royal estates. Gardiner=excluded from court
Fall of Earl of Surrey and Norfolk	(Conservative faction) (1547) Surrey= executed and sent for treason. Norfolk- escaped death because Henry died before sending the orders for his execution. Conservative faction=finished
Henry's death	Death was kept secret for days while the different factions manipulated parts of his will. Henry left instructions for a regional council of 16 men to rule until Edward was 18. Henry's wishes=ignored. He left behind a minority Government and a poor economy
Henrys will	Henry was aware that the throne would be succeeded by a minor, Henry wished to preserve Royal supremacy and thus excluded the Howard faction from any role in the regency, the power thus swung towards the seymours (SOMERSET)
The rise of Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset	The choice of Somerset as ruler was not unwelcome, he had proved himself to be an accomplished military leader in Scotland. However faction remained rife in the rulling classes. Somersets brother - Thomas seymour= disappointed he was not made part of the regional council, he had the suppoer of Dudley,- Somersets greatest rival. Somerset=very manipulative, and won favour of Edward by giving him more pocket money- thus enhancing his own power. ---his arrest and execution= 1549
Edwards role in Government	Edward= very influenced by his advisers and Somerset & Northumberland, however because he was due to grow up and become a proper rulling King, people could not contradict or disregard him in fear of execution later in life, shown in the example- when Edward withdrew his support from Somerset his fate was inevitable (Edward always had the upper hand). Edward did have a keen interest in Government and foreign affairs and as he got older he become more involved in politics, the age he could rule was lowered to 16 rather than 18. Edward in Northumberlands reign had a desire to pursue the reformation and thus many of the Protestant reforms of that time period were driven by Edward himself.
Somersets rule (personality)	He was determined to exercise full authority, he could essentially rule independently without consent of the King. Somerset ruled mostly by proclamation (more than 70 in 3 years) -autocratic., Somerset took control of the dry stam, he bypassed the privy council in decision making=caused resentment
Problems with Somersets rule	-inherited a difficult situation, England still in war with France and Scotland, bad financial position, inflation, debasement, poverty, resentment from puritans who wanted further reform
The treason Act- 1547	Abolished the harshest features of Henrys reign, - repelled the act of 6 articles (reformation) , revoked the proclamation act that allowed the King to rule without Parliament. Strict enforcement put on for treason (less exacting than henrys treason act) - important in reformation as it allowed Protestants to practice their faith more freely, however it did encourage iconaclasm- the destruction of catholic images in the church
The Chantries Act	(1547) -extension of the dissolution of the monasteries, (small Catholic religious houses), motivation for closure=much more to do with finance than religion although they did not fit in with Edwards religious beliefs.
Financial Policy under Somerset	Somersets failure to solve financial problems =key part in his downfall, War against Scotland had cost £2,100,000, still large amount of debt from Henrys reign, Somerset introduced taxation= caused grievances, debasement,- inflation, poverty,
Somersets social policy and care for the poor	Somerset had a keen desire to help the poor, he established a court to hear cases of the poor, two policies to help the poor, the Vagrancy Act and Enclosures
The Vagrancy Act	(1547) - Ordered local officials to provide housing and collections for the poor/vagabonds, it ordered that able bodied people that were unemployed for more than 3 days were branded v and sold into slavery, their children would be removed from their care and forced into apprenticeships. Act=extremely unpopular with Jps -it was never put into effect (thus Somerset might not be a champion for the poor
Enclosures	It was aimed to increase rural unemployment, 5% tax on personal property and sheep, taking land from the rich to give to the poor, however the policy was a great failure, it raised hopes for the laboring classes that significant reform would take place - increased unrest in the countryside, (one of the reasons for the Kett rebellion (1549)
Why did Somerset fall from power?	He failed to secure Henrys wish of Edward to marry Mary Queen of Scotts, to ensure alliance between England and Scotland, he inherited a country with many troubles, failed in war with Scotland, lots of resentment with his reign showed by the 1549 rebellions,
The consequences of the rebellions for Somersets government.	Moderate Catholics blamed Somerset for the religious changes that sparked the western rebellion & enclosure and policies implanted by Somerset= the root of the cause of the Kett rebellion, although the rebels were clear they didn't want to threaten the tudor monarch just readdress their grievances, Somerset was shown to have poor leadership skills,
Somersets fall from power	Somerset did attempt to make a new council, although Somerset had not been careful enough to keep a good opinion of himself with the King, Edward had complained Somerset had kept him short of pocket money, Edward Seymour (somersets brother) had done much to undermine Somersets relationship with the King, The King sent him for execution in the tower (Fate in Edwards hands all along)
Why did Northumberland replace Somerset	Northumberland had risen to prominence in the latter years of Henry's reign, and had shown himself to be an able military leader in the wars against France and Scotland. He is described by some historians (Elton) as "exceedingly ambitious for power and very greedy", `however he was more likely to implement the will of the king than Somerset was, initially Northumberland aliened himself with the conservative members of the council, appearing to support their desires, however once in position he rapidly disassociated himself with them and took a more reformist approach in policy (manipulative) -gaining favor of the King, Northumberland released the need to stay on the Kings side to ensure his power.
Northumberland main changes to Gov	1. restored the council to its prime position (explanded its membership to 33), packed with own supporters, although included Somersets supporters eg Cecil, he put more focus on Parliament
Financial policy under Northumberland	-restoration of Crown finances, ended wars with France and Scotland, (Treaty of Boulogne) giving it back to France)- meaning English troops could be removed from France, (reducing expenditure), ending of debasement of coinage, sent Gresham to Netherlands stock market to manipulate it and bring back money, at first boosted inflation but in the long term had huge benefits for Englands finance, Northumberland set up an emergency fund ='the privy coffer'- to cope with contingencies, he continued to sell crown lands and much of the money brought back was used for further reforms to help his political career so debt was not completely clear by Marys succession.
Social and economic policy under Northumberland	(1550)- introduced new treasons act allowing Jps to restore law and order once more, repealed the vagrancy act and the sheep tax - dampened discontent of the masses, he carried on with enclosure, Even though Somerset was seen as the champion of the poor they were probably better off under Northumberland
Lady Jane Grey Succession Crisis	No one on the council wanted Marys succession as she would undo the reformation and take religious policy a catholic direction, Northumberland- wanted to prevent succession in favour of his protestant family, Edward neither wanted his sister Mary to succeed the throne. Lady Jane Grey married Northumberlands eldest son 'Dudley', - she was a committed protestant, (Manipulation by Northumberland- to give his family more power) by suggesting to Edward that Lady Jane Grey took the throne, however Edward died before the will could be put to parliament,.
Northumberlands conspiracy and the victory of Mary Tudor	Northumberland kept Edwards death secret for 2 days while he made arrangements, and declared Lady Jane as Queen, (however he had little support for this), mary also declared herself Queen. Northumberland= executed for treason, Lady Jane Grey= arrested and imprisoned in the tower of London and Mary took the throne.

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