2979214
Description
Flashcards by Anne Schubert, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Anne Schubert
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Describe the origins and the outcome of the English Civil War! | Civil War |
| Civil War - > English Revolution fought between crown and parliament; during the reign of the Tudors, modern English parliament emerged; Parliament was needed by the monarchs to make some of their decisions legitimate; Civil War similar to French revolution and 30-years-war in Germany; monarchs in England were so powerful that parliament wasn't called for years -> only needed for money/ taxes; monarch not member of Chamber; Upper Chamber and Lower Chamber | Civil War - Origins |
| Upper Chamber: aristocrats, members of church (clerks) Lower Chamber: "elected" (land-owners, only 3% of population could be elected), wealthy people | Civil War - Origins |
| 1628: House of Commons demanded rights; Charles I accepted its demands but then dissolved parliament and ruled without it for 11 years Short Parliament of 1640: needed money, recalled parliament and dissolved it after 3 weeks recall of parliament later that year: parliament passed a bill that it can only be dissolved when members agree -> long parliament 1640-1660 | Civil War - Origins |
| John Pym: leader of parliament, most opposed to king parliament was very critical against Charles I. -> parliament assumed ultimat authority | Civil War - Origins |
| Struggle between king and parliament: conflict of wills, by 1641: new view emerged that king was irresponsible, rebellion in Ireland 1641: rebels claimed to act on Charles authority: Charles was thought to support catholic Irish -> people thought he would restore catholic religion | Civil War - Origins |
| Puritans & Levellers: Puritans: system was bitterly opposed by the great majority of ordinary people; Levellers: radical Puritans, wanted to abolish existing governments; suffrage- the right to vote - should be for all men | Civil War - Origins |
| Outbreak: 1642: relations between king & parliament hopeless; Charles feared parliament and fled from London, some aristocrates followed him and formed the Oxford-Parliament; Both: raised armies independently, 'Battle of Edgehill' in October 1642 started the English Civil War; Parliamentarians (or Roundheads after their hairstyle) vs. Royalists or Cavaliers | Civil War - Outbreak |
| supporters of king had religious demands: wanted angl. church to stay (power) largest single battle: Marston Moor near York in June 1644 Parliament's heartland: area in the immediate vicinity of London -> greater long-term advantages! | Civil War - Outbreak |
| advantages: wealth and men-power of London -> so powerful that parliament won the battle! whoever controlled London, controlled everything! New Model Army: Engl. 1st professional fighting-force strict discipline achieved impressive string of victories | Civil War - End |
| C.W. was over with defeat of the Scots at Preston (1648; Scots had entered into an alliance with Charles) 1647: only 2 alternatives -> Parliament would capitulate OR parliament would remove the king; (most) of parliament wanted to restore the king, leaders oft army & minority of people wanted removal of king -> RUMP PARLIAMENT (radical) - 46 men: 26 out of those wanted to put king on trial January 1649: Beheading of Charles at Whitehall | Civil War - End |
| The Commonwealth 1649-1660: around the execution of Charles I, the Rump parliament created the legal basis for a republic; on February 6th 1649: monarchy was formally abolished; from 1649 - 1660: England was republic/ Protectorate | Civil War - Outcome |
| Commonwealth: new concept; republic: state governed by its citizens; Scottland fully intigrated into Britain, Ireland defeated | Civil War - Outcome |
| Oliver Cromwell: most powerful ruler since the fall of Rome! ruled as Lord Protector (his invention) and Head of State from 1653 - 1658; leader of Puritans, member of Parliament; brought England, Ireland and Scottland to Union; forced parliament to bend to his will; parliament offered him throne -> he declined Power: bigger than any other monarch; all power held by military (dictatorship of military) | Civil War - Outcome |
| Consequences of the Civil War: (later) desintegration of Puritanism weakening of church of England trauma of regicide (Königsmörder) | Civil War - Outcome |
| Which factors led to the restoration of the monarchy in 1660? | Restoration |
| Why Restoration? after Cromwells death (1658): his son Richard became his successor as Lord Protector of England; very weak, not convincing enough, lost support of army; why did parliament support restoration? people believed that country needs a ruler (traditional) kings power known, powers of Lord Protector unknown 6 undefined | Restoration |
| Puritanism: -closed theatres -enjoyment forbidden -very strict -no colorful clothes .... Oliver Cromwell was hated, when he died Puritanism was not very popular | Restoration |
| Consequences: Charles II (son of Charles I) elected: took throne after lifing his whole life in France (in exile) -Puritan popularity strongly declined -religious pluralism in England was accepted, religion had a more unthreatening manner (more like a hobby) -Christianity: depoliticised and demystified | Restoration |
| What was the Glorious Revolution? | Restoration & Glorious Revolution |
| Charles II unconditionally restored, his reign was declared to have begun with his fathers death one of Charles II first orders: -> profound divide between churchmen and dissenters (Puritans) only challenge to the king's authority: Exclusion Crisis 1687-81 -> no catholic ruler on throne allowed | Restoration & Glorious Revolution |
| Why Crisis? Charles II had no legal (!) children possibility of new catholic dynasty occured with James II | Restoration & Glorious Revolution |
| James II: Catholic brother of Charles II became king - again a catholic on the throne -> people accepted this reluctantly because James only child Mary was protestant -> James II intented a programme of re-Catholicisation | Restoration & Glorious Revolution |
| politicians split into two main groups for the first time: Whigs - exclude James II Tories - king is right -> every king who follows is also right | Glorious Revolution |
| plan to invite William of Orange to England -> William saw a chance to use the British naval & forces to defeat Louis XIV - able to get himself proclaimed joint ruler with Mary within a matter of weeks -> bloodless conquest! James II lost support in parliament & army & fled to France | Glorious Revolution |
| Crown offered to William and Mary jointly: joint monarchy -> both rule as king and queen! 'Bill of Rights' was passed: most important document in engl. history -> right of free elections, right to regular Parliament, right of Parliament to control taxation, succession of throne confined to Protestants | Glorious Revolution |
| expression 'Glorious Revolution' first used in 1689, it is also called the bloodless Revolution Revolution as the last successful invasion of England, beginning of modern English parliamentary democracy | Glorious Revolution |
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