30850459
Description
Flashcards by Camila Paz Noriega, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Camila Paz Noriega
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| archaea |
Characteristics include their ability to live in extremely hot or chemically aggressive environments, and they can be found across the Earth, wherever bacteria survive. Those archaea that live in extreme habitats such as hot springs and deep-sea vents are called extremophiles.
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| bacteria |
Are single-celled microorganisms with prokaryotic cells, which are single cells that do not have organelles or a true nucleus and are less complex than eukaryotic cells. Bacteria are extremely numerous, and the total biomass of bacteria on Earth is more than all plants and animals combined.
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| basal body |
An organelle that forms the base of a flagellum or cilium.
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| cell theory |
A theory in biology that includes one or both of the statements that the cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living matter and that the organism is composed of autonomous cells with its properties being the sum of those of its cells.
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| cell wall |
Is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid.
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| central vacuole |
Is a large vacuole found inside of plant cells. A vacuole is a sphere filled with fluid and molecules inside a cell. The central vacuole stores water and maintains turgor pressure in a plant cell.
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| centriole |
A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.
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| chlorophyll |
Any member of the most important class of pigments involved in photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy through the synthesis of organic compounds
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| chloroplast |
Is a type of plastid (a saclike organelle with a double membrane) that serves as the site of photosynthesis, the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth.
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| chromatin |
Is a complex of DNA, protein and RNA found in eukaryotic cells.
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| chromosome |
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
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| cilium |
Plural cilia, short eyelashlike filament that is numerous on tissue cells of most animals and provides the means for locomotion of protozoans of the phylum Ciliophora.
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| contractile vacuole |
A vacuole in some protozoans which expels excess liquid on contraction.
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| cytoplasm |
Is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.
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| cytoskeleton |
Is a network of filaments and tubules that extends throughout a cell, through the cytoplasm, which is all of the material within a cell except for the nucleus
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| cytosol |
Intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, or groundplasm, is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes.
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| deoxyribonucleic acid |
Is a molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction.
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| diffusion |
Is a physical process that refers to the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration.
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| endomembrane system |
Is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
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| endoplasmic reticulum |
A continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins
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| endosymbiont |
Symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.
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| endosymbiont hypothesis |
States that some of the organelles in today's eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes.
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| eukaryotic |
Are organisms whose bodies are made up of eukaryotic cells, such as protists, fungi, plants and animals.
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| flagellum |
Is a whip-like appendage on the cell body of certain cells. It is primarily involved in locomotion. It helps move the cell through an aquatic environment, for instance, by propulsion.
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| food vacuole |
A vacuole with a digestive function in the protoplasm of a protozoan.
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| golgi apparatus |
Is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.
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| intermediate filament |
Are composed of a family of related proteins sharing common structural and sequence features.
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| lysosome |
Is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. ... They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
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| microfilaments |
A small rodlike structure, about 4–7 nanometers in diameter, present in numbers in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells.
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| Microtubule |
A microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures
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| mitochondrion |
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
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| nuclear envelope |
Is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surrounds the nucleus, which encases the genetic material. The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayer membranes: an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane.
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| nuclear pore complex |
Mediates transport of all macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The structure of the NPC — a cylindrical ring-like structure lined with nucleoporins capable of binding to transport factors — governs its transport function.
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| nucleus |
The central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth
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| organelle |
Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.
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| pilus |
Are short, hair-like structures on the cell surface of prokaryotic cells. They can have a role in movement, but are more often involved in adherence to surfaces, which facilitates infection, and is a key virulence characteristic
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| plasma membrane |
Is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
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| plasmid |
A genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.
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| plastid |
Any of a class of small organelles, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.
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| prokaryotic |
A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria
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| ribonucleic acid |
Contains information that has been copied from DNA (the other type of nucleic acid). Cells make several different forms of ribonucleic acid, and each form has a specific job in the cell.
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| ribosome |
A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
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| vesicle |
A membranous and usually fluid-filled pouch (such as a cyst, vacuole, or cell) in a plant or animal.
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