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Anatomical terms, Skin, Muscles, Blood Vessels, Bones

Joanna Elliott English 3.0Average rating 3.0 out of 5 (2 ratings) 132 cards

Anatomical terms, Skin, Muscles, Blood Vessels, Bones

Cards in this deck (132)

  1. 1What are the 4 different ways in which a Doctor can examine a patientInspection (look), Palpation(feel), Ascultation (hear) & Percussion (tap to elicit sound)
  2. 2Describe the anatomical positionUpright facing forward, palms facing forward and feet together
  3. 3What is the Supine position, and what is the Prone positionLaying on your back = Supine, Laying on your front = Prone
  4. 4—(From left to right) - Transverse plane, Frontal/Coronal plane, Midsagittal plane(From left to right) - Transverse plane, Frontal/Coronal plane, Midsagittal plane
  5. 5The Heart is _ in relation to the OvariesSuperior
  6. 6Which definitions are used to describe 'towards the front' and 'towards the back'Anterior and Posterior
  7. 7What are 'Superior' and 'Inferior' used to describeSuperior = towards the head, Inferior = towards the legs/away from the head
  8. 8Which definitions are used to describe the position of something in relation to the midlineMedial & Lateral
  9. 9If something is Superficial it is ...Towards the surface
  10. 10What definitions are used to describe things in relation to the OriginProximal & Distal
  11. 11Name 5 functions of the skinProtection, Containment, Heat regulation, Sensation, Synthesis and Storage of Vitamin D
  12. 12Which layer of the skin has no blood supply, the Epidermis or the DermisThe Epidermis doesn't have it's own blood supply
  13. 13What type of tissue is the EpidermisEpithelial tissue: Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelium
  14. 14What are the 2 types of Epithelial tissue and what is the differences between themStratified & Simple. Stratified has more than one layer of cells, Simple has only one layer of cells
  15. 15What are the 4 layers of the Epidermis, starting from the top and going downStratum Corneum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum basale
  16. 16Which layer of the Epidermis is made up of 20 - 35 layers of Dead keratinocytesStratum Corneum
  17. 17What does the Stratum Granulosum contain3 - 5 layers of Flattened keratinocytes which are beginning to lose their nuclei and die. Also contains lamellar granules, which are full of lipids.
  18. 18Which layer is found only in thick skin?Stratum Lucidum
  19. 19Which layer contains 8 - 10 layers of Polyhedral keratinocytes with a limited ability to divideStratum Spinosum
  20. 20What are cells in the Stratum Spinosum joined together byDesmosomes
  21. 21What does the Stratum Basale layer containA single layer of keratinocytes which are actively dividing, as well as melanocytes
  22. 22Which stains can be used to reveal the extra layer in thick skinHaemotoxylin & Eosin stains
  23. 23What does the Stratum Lucidum contain large amounts ofKeratin
  24. 24Other than the Stratum Lucidum, what else is different about think skin compared to thin skinIn thick skin the stratum corneum is thicker
  25. 25What happens as you move from the Stratum Basale to the Stratum Corneum, and how long does this process take.Capacity of keratinocytes to divide decreases. Desmosomes form and attach neighbouring cells together. More keratin aggregates and the type of Keratin changes. Keratinocytes lose their nuclei and die. Extacellular lipids bind cells together. Corenocytes ar shed. This process takes 28 days.
  26. 26What is PsoriasisA condition where the epidermal shedding cycle shortens, so cells accumulate and form scabs on the skin. There is 'increased epidermal turnover'
  27. 27What is found in the stratum corneum when someone has Psoriasis, and what is this calledCell nuclei is found in the Stratum Corenum. This is called Parakeratosis.
  28. 28Where does Melanin synthesis take placeIn Melanosomes, which are taken up by Keratinocytes and form caps over them, protecting them from UV
  29. 29Where are Melanocytes foundStratum Basale
  30. 30What are differences in skin colour due toNumber of melanosomes. Type of melanin. The proportion of red/black melanin.
  31. 31Which amino acid residue is involved in the formation of red/black melaninTyrosine
  32. 32Name 3 types of tumourous cancers and what they are caused byMalignant Melanoma, caused by abnormal proliferation of melanocytes. Squamous Cell Carcinoma caused by abnormal proliferation of Keratinocytes. Basal Cell Carcinoma caused by abnormal proliferation of basal cells.
  33. 33What is a Merkel cell and where is it foundIt's an endocrine cell found in the lower part of the epidermis
  34. 34What is a Langerhan cell and where is it foundIt is an APC which binds antigens entering through the skin and transports them to te lymph nodes. Found in the Epidermis
  35. 35What is Bullous PemphigoldWhen there is liquid between the Epidermis and the Dermis due to an immune reaction. Causes Blisters.
  36. 36What is the Dermis-Epidermis junction calledHemidesmosome
  37. 37What is the function of the Dermis and what does it produceProvides strength, elasticity, nutrition to the Epidermis, and produces collagen.
  38. 38Name 2 differences between the Dermis and EpidermisThe Dermis is Vascular, the Epidermis is not. The Dermis is thicker than the Epidermis.
  39. 39What is the main cell type in the DermisFibroblast
  40. 40Name the 2 regions of the DermisPapillary & Reticular
  41. 41Name the appendages of the Dermis and their functions (if applicable)Hair. Subaceous gland, secrets Sebum. Arrector pili muscle, contracts to make hairs stand up. Sweat glands called Eccrine and Apocrine. Nerve endings. Lymphatics. Blood vessels.
  42. 42What's the difference between the Eccrine gland and the Apocrine glandEccrine gland is more superficial and secretes a more watery odourless substance. Apocrine secretes a thicker substance with an odour, and only starts working during puberty.
  43. 43What is Fascia and what is it's functionPacking material beneath the skin. Insulation.
  44. 44Name the 2 types of Fascia and their functions if applicable.Subcutaneous tissue and Deep fascia. Deep fascia is a connective tissue with extensions to bones , forming compartments in the arm, restricting infections and tumour spreads
  45. 45What is the downside of Deep fasciaRestricts compartment space in the in muscles
  46. 46Are muscles always attached to bones?No. They can be attached to skin, deep fascia etc
  47. 47Name the 3 types of muscleSmooth. Cardiac. Striated.
  48. 48Name 3 functions of MuscleMovement. Producing heat. Regulating organ volume.
  49. 49What is the connective tissue coveringFasicle
  50. 50Which type of muscles have an origin and insertionSkeletal
  51. 51ABductionMovement AWAY from the midline
  52. 52ADductionMovement TOWARDS the midline
  53. 53Medial RotationRotation around the long axis towards the midline aka lowering your arm
  54. 54Lateral RotationRotation around the long axis away from the midline, aka Raising your arm
  55. 55PronationMoving palm from Anterior facing to Posterior facing
  56. 56What would standing on tiptoes be known asPlantar Flexion
  57. 57What pointing your toes upward be known asDorsiflexion
  58. 58CircumductionCircular movement
  59. 59Name all the types of MuscleBipennate. Convergant. Circular. Multipennate. Fusiform. Unipennate. Parallel.
  60. 60—ConvergentConvergent
  61. 61—
  62. 62Tonic contractionInvoluntary
  63. 63IsometricNo movement
  64. 64ConcentricShortening
  65. 65EccentricLengthening
  66. 66Prime moverMuscle agonist
  67. 67AntagonistInitiates opposite action to the agonist
  68. 68SynergistHelps the Prime Mover
  69. 69FixatorStabalises the Origin of the Prime Mover
  70. 70What initiates movementAn action potential in a nerve
  71. 71Motor Unit RecruitmentAs strength of contraction increases, more motor neurons are fired
  72. 72Which motor units are used for which movements.Precise movements use Small motor units. Powerful movements that don't need much precision use Large motor units.
  73. 73Musculcutaneous NerveSupplies biceps. If damaged = paralysis
  74. 74What is the difference between Healing in the Epidermis and Healing in the DermisEpidermis = can regenerate, no scarring. Dermis = Connective tissue is damaged, scarring occurs and leads to Fibrosis.
  75. 75FibrosisDisorganised laying of collagen. Caused my tissue scarring.
  76. 76Satellite cellsCan act like stem cells to generate muscle cells, but have a limited capacity to divide
  77. 77Muscle PathologyResponse to injury is to change the size of muscle cells by decreasing or increasing their size
  78. 78HypertrophyIncrease in size
  79. 79AtrophyDecrease in size
  80. 80HyperplasiaIncrease in number of cells
  81. 81Nerve pathologyLeads to loss of muscle movement and atrophy over time
  82. 82Bell's PalsyTemporary paralysis of one side of the face due to stroke or viral damage. Affects the facial nerve that supplies the muscles of the face.
  83. 83Myasthenia gravisAutoimmune condition which affects acetylcholine receptors.
  84. 84Duchene Muscular DystrophyIs a genetic, recessive, condition. Dystrophin gene, an essential part of muscle, is mutated. Affects large muscles first.
  85. 85What 3 layers do both arteries and veins haveTunica: Externa, Media & Intima
  86. 86Which layer do the Capillaries haveOnly Tunica Intima
  87. 87Arteries vs VeinsArteries have thick walls, Veins have thin walls. Arteries have elastin and collagen, Veins don't. Arteries have a narrow Lumen, Veins have a wide lumen. Veins have valves, Arteries don't.
  88. 88Does Cardiac muscle have satellite cellsNo
  89. 89What are Conducting Vessels, which is the thickest layer, and give an exampleLarge arteries that come directly from the Heart. Tunica Media is the thickest layer and is made up of elastic fibres. Eg Aorta
  90. 90Distributing VesselsCan be End Arteries or can form Anastomosis (the connection of 2 structures). Tunica Media is made up of Smooth Muscle.
  91. 91ArterioleSmall artery. Resistance vessel. Regulates blood flow into the Capillaries.
  92. 92Where do Veins end upSuperior or Inferior Vena Cava
  93. 93What regulates the flow from Arterioles in CapillariesPrecapillary Sphincters
  94. 94Capillaries are fenestrated - what does this meanThey contain pores
  95. 95What are the major divisions of the Aorta from the thorax downwardsAortic arch - Ascending Thoracic aorta - Descending Thoracic aorta - Superior Mesentric - Abdominal aorta - Inferior Mesentric - Common Illiac Artery
  96. 96What is the Portal Venus System responsible for, and what else is it known asAlso known as the Hepatic Portal Circulation, it is responsible for directing blood from the GI tract into the liver before sending it back to the heart
  97. 97Which veins lead into the Hepatic Portal VeinSuperior Mesentric Vein & Splenic Vein
  98. 98Which 2 vessels lead into the LiverHepatic Portal vein + Proper Hepatic Artery
  99. 99Which part of the aorta leads into the Proper Hepatic ArteryAbdominal Aorta
  100. 100Which vessel does the Liver deliver blood toHepatic Vein, which then delivers the blood to the inferior/superior Vena Cava
  101. 101In limbs what 2 sets of veins are there, and which is more predominant in the Lower limbsSuperficial and Deep set, with Deep set being more predominant in the lower limbs
  102. 102What is the skeleton made up ofBone and cartilage
  103. 103What the 2 components of the skeleton and what do they includeThe main trunk is called the Axial skeleton, and includes the Head, Vertebra, Ribs and Sterbum. The Appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that connect them
  104. 104What is bone made up of, and what makes it flexibleSpecialised connective tissue and Collagen. Collagen is what determines flexability.
  105. 105What are the functions of the boneSupport. Protection of internal organs. Leverage for motion. Mineral homeostasis. Blood cell production. Triglyceride storage.
  106. 106Difference between children and adultsIn children blood cells are produced by all bones, in adults they are only produced by certain bones eg ribs, hip bone, sternum & vertebra
  107. 107What are the different shapes of bonesLong, Flat, Short, Irregular, Sesamoid
  108. 108Example of a Sesamoid bonePatella (kneecap) A sesamoid is any bone within a joint
  109. 109Example of a Long boneHumerous(leg), Femur(arm)
  110. 110Example of Flat boneSternum
  111. 111Example of an Irregular boneVertebra
  112. 112Example of a Short boneWrist bone
  113. 113Name the components of a long boneEpiphysis (ends), Metaphysis (connects ends and shaft), Diaphysis (shaft, more liable to breaks), Cancellous bone (spongy), Compact bone (lines the outside of the shaft)
  114. 114Name the 2 bone coverings and what they provideEndosteum (inner lining) & the periosteum (outer lining, provides bone with nutrition and blood supply)
  115. 115What arteries supply the Long bone with bloodEpiphyseal, Metaphyseal, Periosteal (supplies periosteum and compact bone) & Nutrient artery (supplies the medullary cavity, spongy bone, and deeper parts of the compact bone)
  116. 1163 Bone cellsOsteoblasts (build bone) --> Osteocytes (maintain bone) -->Osteoclasts (breaks down bone)
  117. 117CalcificationInitiated by OsteoBlasts. Mineral salts are deposited and crystalise in a collagen fibre framework
  118. 118The digestion of bone by osteoclasts followed by bone formation by osteoblasts is known as what? And how long does this process takeBone remodelling. Takes 2 months.
  119. 119Which bone is remodelled every 4 monthsDistal part of the femur
  120. 120What does calcium do to boneHardens it
  121. 121What does Vitamin D do to boneIncreases absorption of Ca2+
  122. 122Which Vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis in boneVitamin C
  123. 123Which 3 things increase the activity of osteoblastsEstrogen (inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts), Vitamin A and Thyroxyine
  124. 124Which hormone increases the activity of osteoclastsParathyroid hormone
  125. 125What is a repeated unit of compact bone calledOsteon (aka Haversian system)
  126. 126What does an Osteon consist ofCentral canal, Blood vessels in the central canal, Concentric lamella, Osteocytes with lacunae, canalicul(which contains the processes of osteoCytes)
  127. 127Which types of bones contain spongy boneLong, short & flat (both are predominately spongy bone), irregular
  128. 128What does spongy bone containTrabeculae, with spaces inbetween them containing bone marrow
  129. 129What is the process of bone formation known as. When does it begin and end.Ossification. Starts after 6 weeks of fetal life and ends around 23/25
  130. 130MesenchymeFetal connective tissue
  131. 131Intramembranous ossificationBone cells develop on mesenchyme and lay down bone
  132. 132Endochondral OssificationCatilage model. Invasion of blood vessels.
    1. Primary ossification centre. Formation of bone collar around Hyaline cartilage model. 2. The hyaline cartilage deteriorates. 3. Invasion of internal cavities by the Periosteal bud. Some cells become osteocytes. Spongy bone formation. 4. Bone is destroyed to form the medullary cavity. Appearence of the Secondary ossification centre in the Epiphyses. 5. Ossification of the epiphysis. Hyaline cartilage remains only in the epipyseal plates and Articular Cartilages/

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Flashcards on Anatomical terms, Skin, Muscles, Blood Vessels, Bones, created by Joanna Elliott on 10/11/2013.
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Joanna Elliott
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